Abstract: A photosensor is provided, which includes a sensor, a reference voltage generator and a processor. The sensor receives an external light and generates a sensing voltage in response to an amount of the external light received. The reference voltage generator is blocked from the external light and generates a reference voltage. The processor receives the sensing voltage from the sensor and the reference voltage from the reference voltage generator to generate a sensor output voltage in response to a difference between the sensing voltage and the reference voltage.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, a punch-through prevention film pattern and a channel film pattern are formed on an insulation layer. The punch-through prevention pattern and the insulation layer may include nitride and oxide, respectively. The punch-through prevention pattern is located under the channel pattern.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device includes forming a plurality of device isolation regions in a semiconductor substrate, forming a tunneling insulation layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first preliminary polysilicon layer in communication with the tunneling insulation layer and the device isolation regions, forming a preliminary amorphous silicon layer on the first preliminary silicon layer, forming a second preliminary polysilicon layer on the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and patterning the second preliminary polysilicon layer, the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and the first preliminary polysilicon layer to form a floating gate layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for providing a target mobile station with a multimedia content such as audio or video content before a call an originating mobile station attempted to connect is answered by the target mobile station. A mobile communication network protocol for multimedia transmission between a target mobile station and a network is established before a called party receives a call, so that multimedia such as images or moving pictures may be sent to the target mobile station before the called party answers the call. In this way, the called party is able to enjoy a multimedia service before the phone call is connected. Moreover, if the multimedia is an audio or moving picture about a calling party, the called party can identify the calling party based on the multimedia.

Abstract: A method for evaluating an anti-contamination level on a surface of optical recording medium is disclosed. The method includes forming an artificial fingerprint on the surface by contacting a stamp having an artificial material adhered thereto on an optical recording medium, and measuring a symbol error rate (SER) of the formed artificial fingerprint, to determine a sensitivity of the fingerprint and determining whether the optical recording medium is of good quality or bad quality depending upon the measured SER.

Abstract: A method for evaluating an anti-contamination level on a surface of optical recording medium is disclosed. The method includes forming an artificial fingerprint on the surface by contacting a stamp having an artificial material adhered thereto on an optical recording medium, and measuring a symbol error rate (SER) of the formed artificial fingerprint, to determine a sensitivity of the fingerprint and determining whether the optical recording medium is of good quality or bad quality depending upon the measured SER.

Abstract: Disclosed is a discharging control apparatus of a switching device for an inverter capable of reducing a spike voltage when the switching device is turned off and reducing a turn-off time of the switching device, the apparatus comprising, a fast discharge circuit section configured to provide a discharging path through which a gate voltage of the switching device is fast discharged at a first discharging speed, an idle discharge circuit section configured to provide a discharging path through which the gate voltage of the switching device is idly discharged at a second discharging speed slower than the first discharging speed, and a spike voltage reduction controller configured to control such that the gate voltage is discharged simultaneously via the fast discharge circuit section and the idle discharge circuit section, when the switching device is turned off in the state that a normal current flows in the switching device, so as to reduce a spike voltage and simultaneously fast turn the switching device off

Abstract: A developer cartridge constructed in a structure in which an overload is not applied to stirring units to stir a developer even when the developer is lump includes a housing having a developer storage chamber, a first stirring unit rotatably mounted in the housing, and a second stirring unit rotatably mounted in the housing such that the second stirring unit is rotatable with time delay after a rotation of the first stirring unit. The second stirring unit includes a rotary shaft, and the developer cartridge further includes a rotary member coupled to one end of the rotary shaft and a power transmission member to transmit a rotary force to the rotary member after rotation thereof by a predetermined angle.

Abstract: A light generating part generates a first light based on a first control signal. A first driving part outputs a panel driving signal. A display panel receives the first light or a second light that is provided from an exterior to display an image based on the panel driving signal. A sensing part outputs a sensing signal based on the second light. A second driving part compares a reference voltage range with the sensing signal to output the first control signal. The reference voltage range is determined by a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage. Therefore, the light generating part is turned on/off based on the second light to decrease the power consumption of the light generating part, and an operation of the light generating part is stabilized.

Abstract: A thin film diode panel comprises a pixel electrode formed on a substrate, the pixel electrode including a stem portion and a plurality of branch portions extended from the stem portion, and a data electrode line formed on the substrate, the data electrode line including a plurality of branch electrodes formed parallel to the plurality of branch portions. The plurality of branch portions may extend in a direction perpendicular to the stem portion and the plurality of branch electrodes may extend in a direction perpendicular to the data electrode line.

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation system. A water jacket in a cylinder block is configured for coolant to flow therein. A cylinder head is attached to the cylinder block. A cylinder is disposed in the cylinder block and the cylinder head. An intake manifold runner is connected to an intake hole of the cylinder. An exhaust manifold runner is connected to an exhaust hole of the cylinder. A first recirculation gas pathway is disposed in the cylinder block, and receives recirculated exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold runner. A second recirculation gas pathway is disposed in the cylinder head, and has a first end connected to the first recirculation gas pathway and a second end connected to the intake manifold runner. A recirculation valve, mounted at the second recirculation gas pathway, controls supply of the recirculated exhaust gas to the intake manifold runner. An engine control unit controls the recirculation valve.

Abstract: A roller device for an image forming apparatus includes a rotary roller having a shaft; and a driving gear connected with the shaft to rotate together with the roller and integrally including a gear unit for power transmission and a bushing unit for position control of the roller. The shaft is engaged with a shaft hole formed to the driving gear and having a predetermined depth. The bushing unit of the driving gear is supported by a bushing support unit of a frame.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a platinum-based catalyst for oxidation/reduction reactions and the use thereof. The platinum-based catalyst is prepared by loading a catalyst composition comprising a water-soluble salt of at least one metal selected from among cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr) and rhenium (Re), on a support comprising at least one selected from among alumina, silica and titania. The disclosed catalyst can be prepared in a simple manner without any particular limitation as to the kind of usable water-soluble platinum salt, and when it is applied to various oxidation reactions, including water gas shift reactions of carbon monoxide, three-way catalytic reactions, and selective oxidation reactions of carbon monoxide, and to reduction reactions, such as reactions of removing nitrogen oxide (NOx), it will show excellent catalytic activity.

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation system. A water jacket in a cylinder block is configured for coolant to flow therein. A cylinder head is attached to the cylinder block. A cylinder is disposed in the cylinder block and the cylinder head. An intake manifold runner is connected to an intake hole of the cylinder. An exhaust manifold runner is connected to an exhaust hole of the cylinder. A first recirculation gas pathway is disposed in the cylinder block, and receives recirculated exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold runner. A second recirculation gas pathway is disposed in the cylinder head, and has a first end connected to the first recirculation gas pathway and a second end connected to the intake manifold runner. A recirculation valve, mounted at the second recirculation gas pathway, controls supply of the recirculated exhaust gas to the intake manifold runner. An engine control unit controls the recirculation valve.

Abstract: A developing unit and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus with the same, the developing unit having a simple structure for driving internal rotary components. In the developing unit, a photoconductor gear is formed on a side of a photoconductor to be rotated by an external driving force, a developer roller gear is formed on a side of a developer roller and engaged with the photoconductor gear to be rotated by the photoconductor gear, an idle gear is engaged with the developer roller gear to be rotated by the developer roller gear, a toner-supply roller gear is formed on a side of a toner-supply roller and engaged with the idle gear to be rotated by the idle gear, and an agitator gear is formed on a side of an agitator and engaged with the toner-supply roller gear to be rotated by the toner-supply roller gear.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cylindrical steam reformer, including a reforming part, a combustion part, an internal heat exchange part, and a steam generation part, which are integrally manufactured into a single reactor, thus forming an optimal heat exchange network leading to optimal performance of the individual parts. In addition, the steam reformer of this invention is designed in a manner such that an upper reactor zone, a middle reactor zone, and a lower reactor zone are removably connected so as to easily supply a catalyst and increase durability, and therefore such a reformer can be mounted in places which are small and require stability, such as hydrogen stations.

Abstract: Methods of forming non-volatile memory devices include forming a device isolation layer and a gate pattern of a non-volatile memory cell transistor, on a semiconductor substrate. This gate pattern includes a floating gate electrode and a control gate line that extends on the floating gate electrode and on the device isolation layer. At least a first portion of a first sidewall of the gate pattern is then covered with a first mask that exposes upper corners of the control gate line. The device isolation layer is then selectively etched at a first rate to define an at least partial opening therein. During this etching step, the upper corners of the control gate line are also etched back at a second rate less than the first rate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a desulfurizing agent for removing organic sulfur compounds, a preparation method thereof, and a method for removing organic sulfur compounds using the same. The desulfurizing agent consists of a copper-zinc-aluminum complex free of alkaline metal, with a large surface area. When being contacted with organic sulfur compounds, such as t-butylmercaptan, tetrahydrothiophene, dimethylsulfide, etc., the desulfurizing agent exhibits excellent desulfurization ability and is not de-graded especially at high temperatures as high as 150˜350° C.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device using a self-aligned metal shunt process is disclosed. The method can include sequentially forming a lower conductive pattern and a sacrificial pattern on a semiconductor substrate. An interlayer dielectric layer is formed to cover the sacrificial pattern. The interlayer dielectric layer is patterned to form a preliminary trench that exposes the top surface of the sacrificial pattern. The exposed sacrificial pattern is removed to form a trench that expose the top surface of the lower conductive pattern. An upper conductive pattern is formed to fill the trench.