Abstract: A display panel includes a lower substrate, an upper substrate and a liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer includes a plurality of domains, a horizontal domain boundary texture area and a vertical domain boundary texture area. The domains are disposed in a matrix shape. The horizontal domain boundary texture area extends in a first direction in a boundary between the domains adjacent to each other in a second direction and has a slope of a liquid crystal slowly (e.g., less) inclined compared to that of the domains. The vertical domain boundary texture area extends in the second direction in a boundary between the domains adjacent to each other in the first direction and has a width larger than that of the horizontal domain boundary texture area.

Abstract: Air is sprayed on the first polymer film along a first negative direction in the sub pixel areas of an n-th row of a unit pixel area, and air is sprayed on the first polymer film along a first positive direction in the sub pixel areas of an (n+1)-th row of the unit pixel area to form a first alignment layer. Air is sprayed on the second polymer film along a second negative direction crossing the first negative direction in the sub pixel areas of an n-th column of the unit pixel area, and air is sprayed on the second polymer film along a second positive direction crossing the first positive direction in the sub pixel areas of an (n+1)-th column of the unit pixel area to form a second alignment layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes first and second panels facing each other, an alignment layer disposed on at least one of the first and second panels, a fixing member disposed on the surface of the alignment layer to fix the alignment structure of the alignment layer, and liquid crystal materials disposed between the first and second panels. The liquid crystal materials include liquid crystal molecules that have a pre-tilt angle and are disposed on the alignment layer.

Abstract: An image signature creating method includes: creating a map by partitioning a still image using rings defined by concentric circles radially spaced apart from each other by a predetermined interval and radial lines circumferentially spaced apart from each other by a predetermined angle, the center of the still image being that of the concentric circles; and creating an image signature from the created map on the basis of distribution of pixels in regions defined by the rings and the radial lines. Accordingly, distribution of illegal contents is prevented and interrupted by search for and discrimination of a still image illegally deformed by a copying of or an intended attack on the still image.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an exposure apparatus and photo-mask, and method for manufacturing liquid crystal display using the same. An exposure apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides an exposure apparatus which includes: a first photo-mask comprising a plurality of transmission parts; and a second photo-mask comprising a plurality of transmission parts, the first photo-mask and the second photo-mask comprising an overlapping region where the first photo-mask and the second photo-mask are partially overlapped, wherein at least one transmission part included in at least one of the first photo-mask and the second photo-mask in the overlapping region comprises a semi-transmission section, and a transmittance of the semi-transmission section is greater than or equal to 0% and less than 100%.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display with better visibility and transmittance. The liquid crystal display includes a first plate having a first field-generating electrode, disposed in a pixel area on an insulating substrate, comprising a plurality of sub-electrodes which are separated from each other by a predetermined distance and arranged parallel to each other, and a connecting electrode electrically connecting the sub-electrodes. An alignment film that is rubbed in a first direction covers a first field-generating electrode and an alignment film that is rubbed in a second direction covers a second field-generating electrode to achieve a predetermined orientation of the liquid crystals when no field is applied and more uniform rotation of the liquid crystal molecules when a field is applied.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display, a pretilt value provided by an upper alignment layer or a lower alignment layer is gradually changed in one domain, such that liquid crystal molecules have various arrangements in which azimuth angles of aligned liquid crystal molecules are gradually changed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first alignment layer disposed on the first substrate, the first alignment layer including a vertical photo-alignment material, a second alignment layer disposed on the second substrate, the second alignment layer including a vertical alignment material, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for a photoalignment process includes; a first photomask including a plurality of transmission parts; and a second photomask including a plurality of transmission parts, where the first photomask and the second photomask partially overlap each other such that each of the first photomask and the second photomask includes an overlapping region and a non-overlapping region, the overlapping region of at least one of the first photomask and the overlapping region of the second photomask includes at least two subregions, and shapes or arrangements of the transmission parts in the at least two subregions are different from each other.

Abstract: An internal voltage generator includes: a detection unit configured to detect a level of an internal voltage in comparison to a reference voltage; a first driving unit configured to discharge an internal voltage terminal, through which the internal voltage is outputted, in response to an output signal of the detection unit; a current detection unit configured to detect a discharge current flowing through the first driving unit; and a second driving unit configured to charge the internal voltage terminal in response to an output signal of the current detection unit.

Abstract: A photoalignment material includes an alignment polymer, a photoalignment additive including a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 and an organic solvent. In Chemical Formula 1, R1 represents a cyclic compound. A and B independently represent a single bond or —(CnH2n)—. “n” represents an integer in a range of 1 to 12. Each —CH2— of A and/or B may be replaced with R3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and each —CH2— of A and/or B may be replaced with —O—. R4 represents In Chemical Formula 1, each hydrogen atom excluding hydrogen atoms of R4 may be replaced with chlorine (Cl) or fluorine (F).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including: a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other; an alignment layer disposed on one of the first substrate and the second substrate and including a vertical photo-alignment material which includes a first vertical functional group and a photo-reactive group, and a major alignment material which does not include the photo-reactive group; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein a ratio of a molar concentration of the vertical photo-alignment material to the molar concentration of the major alignment material increases in a direction towards a surface of the alignment layer adjacent to the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus includes an odd data clock buffer group configured to maintain or shift a phase of a multi-phase source clock signal, and output a first multi-phase clock signal, an even data clock buffer group configured to maintain or shift a phase of the multi-phase source clock signal, and output a second multi-phase clock signal, an odd data output buffer group configured to drive odd data in response to the first multi-phase clock signal and output the driven data to an odd data pad group, and an even data output buffer group configured to drive even data in response to the second multi-phase clock signal and output the driven data to an even data pad group, wherein the phases of clock signals of the first and second multi-phase clock signal are different from each other.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display including a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on the first substrate and each including a first subpixel electrode and a second subpixel electrode, a common electrode formed on the second substrate, a shielding member formed on the first substrate or the second substrate and overlapping a portion of the first subpixel electrode, an alignment layer formed on at least one of the plurality of pixel electrodes and the common electrode and subjected to photo-alignment, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate, a gate line, a data line, first-third power lines located on the first substrate, first-third sub-pixels, where a switching element of each is connected to the gate line and the data line, a second substrate, a common electrode that is formed on the second substrate, a liquid crystal layer located between the first and second substrates, and a power voltage driver outputting a low voltage during a first period and a high voltage during a subsequent second period to the first power line, a constant voltage during both periods to the second power line, and the high voltage during the first period and the low voltage during the second period to the third power line. The first power line, the second power line and the third power line overlap the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel, respectively.

Abstract: A location information collection method and system for dual SIM mobile terminals are provided. The method includes sending, by a mobile terminal, a request for location information of the dual Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) terminal to at least one of multiple service centers providing communication services related respectively to SIM cards of the dual SIM terminal, collecting, by the at least one service center, information regarding multiple base stations in which identification information elements of the SIM cards are respectively last registered, and generating tentative location information of the dual SIM terminal based on the collected base station information, and sending, by the at least one service center, the base station information or the tentative location information to the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes first and second panels facing each other, an alignment layer disposed on at least one of the first and second panels, a fixing member disposed on the surface of the alignment layer to fix the alignment structure of the alignment layer, and liquid crystal materials disposed between the first and second panels. The liquid crystal materials include liquid crystal molecules that have a pre-tilt angle and are disposed on the alignment layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display including a first substrate including a first alignment layer, gate lines, and data lines, a second substrate facing the first substrate and including a second alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. A plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix defined by the gate lines and the data lines, and alignment directions of the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer in a first pixel are different than alignment directions in a neighboring pixel.

Abstract: A rail-to-rail amplifier includes an NMOS type amplification unit configured to perform an amplification operation on differential input signals in a domain in which DC levels of the differential input signals are higher than a first threshold value, a PMOS type folded-cascode amplification unit configured to perform an amplification operation on the differential input signals in a domain in which the DC levels of the differential input signals are lower than a second threshold value which is higher than the first threshold value, the PMOS type folded-cascode amplification unit being cascade-coupled to the NMOS type amplification unit, and an adaptive biasing unit configured to interrupt a current path of the PMOS type folded-cascode amplification unit in a domain in which the DC levels of the differential input signals are higher than the second threshold value in response to the differential input signals.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes first and second panels facing each other, an alignment layer disposed on at least one of the first and second panels, a fixing member disposed on the surface of the alignment layer to fix the alignment structure of the alignment layer, and liquid crystal materials disposed between the first and second panels. The liquid crystal materials include liquid crystal molecules that have a pre-tilt angle and are disposed on the alignment layer.