Abstract: Core-shell latex polymer is produced that includes a crystalline polymer. The core-shell latex polymer includes the crystalline polymer, a base monomer, a dispersing agent, an initiator and distilled water. The crystalline polymer serves as the core of the resulting polymer particle. The core-shell latex polymer including the crystalline polymer having a low melting point is used in a toner. A latex polymer including a releasing agent is easily prepared without using high temperatures or a high speed dispersing device. The crystalline polymer efficiently coagulates with other particles in the toner. In addition, the fixing temperature may be reduced when the toner is used in an image forming device.

Abstract: A method of preparing a latex that includes pigments copolymerized with a crystalline polymer includes: dispersing a pigment and a dispersing agent in water having an ultra-high purity to obtain a pigment dispersion; dissolving a crystalline monomer in a basic monomer mixture to obtain an organic phase; dissolving while heating the dispersing agent in water having an ultra-high purity, and then mixing the solution with the pigment dispersion to obtain an aqueous phase; mixing and agitating the organic phase and the aqueous phase to obtain a homogenized solution; agitating and heating the homogenized solution; adding a polymerization initiator to the homogenized solution to be reacted; and cooling the reaction solution to room temperature.

Abstract: In an address driving circuit including a power recovery circuit, the voltage of the address electrode is reduced through a transistor, and the voltage of the address electrode increases through the current formed by the body diode of the transistor. In addition, the ground voltage is not applied to the address electrode in the power recovery circuit after the voltage of the address electrode is reduced. As a result, the resonance for raising the voltage of the address electrode and the resonance for reducing the voltage of the address electrode can be performed through the same transistor, and the transistor for applying the ground voltage to the address electrode can be eliminated.

Abstract: A method of preparing a latex that includes pigments copolymerized with a crystalline polymer includes: dispersing a pigment and a dispersing agent in water having an ultra-high purity to obtain a pigment dispersion; dissolving a crystalline monomer in a basic monomer mixture to obtain an organic phase; dissolving while heating the dispersing agent in water having an ultra-high purity, and then mixing the solution with the pigment dispersion to obtain an aqueous phase; mixing and agitating the organic phase and the aqueous phase to obtain a homogenized solution; agitating and heating the homogenized solution; adding a polymerization initiator to the homogenized solution to be reacted; and cooling the reaction solution to room temperature.

Abstract: A backlight unit using a microwave plasma ultraviolet lamp as a light source and a liquid crystal display including the backlight unit. The backlight unit for a liquid crystal display comprises a tube filled with discharge gas, a cavity resonator in which one end of the tube is inserted, a magnetron for generating microwaves and supplying the generated microwaves to the cavity resonator, a magnetron driver for driving the magnetron, and a phosphor layer for converting ultraviolet light generated in the tube into visible light.

Abstract: A semiconductor package may include a substrate. A conductive bump may be provided on a bottom surface of the substrate. A semiconductor chip may be provided on a top surface of the substrate. A sealing material may seal the semiconductor chip on the top of the substrate. A first conductive adhesive may be provided on a top surface of the sealing material. A second conductive adhesive may be provided on a side surface of the substrate and a side surface of the sealing material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes forming only a ?/4 plate between a polarizer and a display panel and setting a direction of an absorption axis of the polarizer and a slow axis of the ?/4 plate, so that the LCD can have a smaller thickness and its fabrication cost can be reduced while having better or the same characteristics than an LCD using both ?/2 and ?/4 plates. In addition, in an ECB mode backlit LCD, transmittance, contrast ratio, and viewing angles can be enhanced by attaching both the ?/4 or ?/2 plate and allowing the absorption axis of the polarizer and the slow axis of the ?/4 and ?/2 plates to have predetermined angle relationships.

Abstract: A thin film transistor array panel is disclosed. The thin film transistor array panel includes a gate line formed on a substrate, a gate insulating layer formed on the gate line, a semiconductor layer formed on the gate insulating layer, a data line and a drain electrode formed on the semiconductor layer, a passivation layer formed on the data line and the drain electrode and including a contact hole, and a pixel electrode formed on the passivation layer and connected to the drain electrode through the contact hole. The data line intersects the pixel electrode, and the pixel electrode includes an opening corresponding to a portion of the data line. The opening has a horizontal width that is wider or narrower than the horizontal width of the data line. Thereby, parasitic capacitance that occurs between the data line and the pixel electrode is reduced to improve image quality.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner, including: preparing a colorant dispersion by mixing a reactive emulsifier and a colorant; preparing a toner composition by mixing a macromonomer including a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group and at least one reactive functional group, at least one polymerizable monomer and a chain transfer agent with the colorant dispersion; emulsion polymerizing the toner composition in a medium; and separating and drying the polymerized toner, wherein the amounts of the macromonomer and the chain transfer agent are controlled to regulate the configuration of toner particles. A toner prepared using the method, an image forming method using the toner, and an image forming apparatus using the toner are also provided by the invention. According to the method, the size and configuration of toner particles are easily controlled. In addition, the method minimizes the use of a surfactant, and decreases polluted water and waste water, which is very advantageous environmentally.

Abstract: An improved display substrate is provided to reduce surface defects on insulating layers of organic thin film transistors. Related methods of manufacture are also provided. In one example, a display substrate includes a base, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of gate lines, a pixel defined by the data lines and the gate lines, an organic thin film transistor, and a pixel electrode. The data lines are on the base and are oriented in a first direction. The gate lines are oriented in a second direction that crosses the first direction. The organic thin film transistor includes a source electrode electrically connected to one of the data lines, a gate electrode electrically connected to one of the gate lines, and an organic semiconductor layer. The pixel electrode is disposed in the pixel and electrically connected to the organic thin film transistor. The pixel electrode comprises a transparent oxynitride.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner is provided, including: preparing a core by mixing a polyester resin and a colorant with a macromonomer including a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and one or more reactive functional groups, and a nonionic reactive emulsifier; and preparing a shell by polymerizing the exterior surface of the core using one or more polymerizable monomers and an initiator, wherein the macromonomer and the nonionic reactive emulsifier participate in the polymerization. A toner is prepared using the method. An image forming method and an image forming apparatus are provided that use the toner. Using the method, the image forming apparatus can print high quality images at high speed at a low temperature since the core of toner has superior fixability at a low temperature and superior image properties and the shell of toner has superior durability and superior charging properties. Also, using the nonionic reactive emulsifier, stable toner particles having desired sizes are prepared.

Abstract: A display substrate having a low-resistance metallic layer and a method of manufacturing the display substrate. The gate conductors are extended in a first direction. The source conductors are extended in a second direction crossing the first direction including a lower layer of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy, and an upper layer of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The pixel areas are defined by the gate conductors and the source conductors. A switching element is formed in each of the pixel areas and includes a gate electrode extended from the gate conductor and a source electrode extended from the source conductor. The pixel electrode includes a transparent conductive material, and is electrically connected to a drain electrode of the switching element.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner includes: preparing high molecular weight latex particles by polymerizing a toner composition including a macromonomer having a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group and at least one reactive functional group, at least one polymerizable monomer, a colorant and wax; aggregating the high molecular latex particles in the absence of an emulsifier, a colorant, and wax; and separating and drying the aggregated high molecular weight latex particles. A toner is prepared using the method described above. An image forming method using the toner and an image forming apparatus employing the toner are also provided. Using the method described above, polymerizable toner particles can be prepared using a simplified process and the colorant and was inside the toner can be easily dispersed.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner, includes: preparing a toner composition including a macromonomer including a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and one or more reactive functional groups, and one or more polymerizable monomers; emulsion polymerizing the toner composition while further adding one or more materials selected from the group consisting of a colorant dispersion and a wax dispersion, where the colorant and wax are dispersed in a nonionic reactive emulsifier and an anionic reactive emulsifier; and seperating and drying a emulsion polymerized toner composition. A toner prepared using the method, an image forming method using the toner, and an image forming apparatus employing the toner are also provided. Using the method, polymerized toner particles are prepared through a simplified process, and a colorant and wax inside the toner are dispersed easily.

Abstract: A transflective LCD having a transmissive area and a reflective area according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate, a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on the first substrate and including a plurality of reflective electrodes having protrusion patterns and depression patterns, a second substrate facing the first substrate, a plurality of color filters formed on the second substrate and having a light hole in the reflective area, and a common electrode formed on the color filters. The size of the protrusion patterns in a first reflective area having the light hole is different from that in a second reflective area having no light hole, and the size of the protrusion patterns at the center of the first reflective area may be larger than that in the second reflective area.

Abstract: A color filter substrate includes a base substrate, a first common electrode layer, a second common electrode layer, and a color filter layer. The base substrate includes a plurality of pixel parts. The first common electrode layer is on the base substrate and receives a first voltage. The second common electrode layer faces the first common electrode and receives a second voltage. The color filter layer is interposed between the first and second common electrode layers, and includes a plurality of electrochromic patterns corresponding to the pixel parts, respectively. A color purity of the color filter layer is changed based on the first and second voltages. The color filter layer displays an image of high color purity in a first mode transmitting a first light, and displays an image of low color purity in a second mode transmitting a second light. Therefore, a color reproducibility is improved.

Abstract: In an apparatus for driving a PDP, first and second switches are coupled in series between a power source V1 for supplying a voltage Vs/2 and a first terminal of the panel capacitor, and third and fourth switches are coupled in series between the first terminal of the panel capacitor and a power source V2 for supplying a voltage ?Vs/2. A capacitor is coupled between a contact of the first and second switches and a contact of the third and fourth switches, and is charged to voltage Vs/2. The withstand voltages of the first and second switches are clamped to the voltage Vs/2 while the voltage ?Vs/2 is applied to the first terminal of the panel capacitor. Likewise, the withstand voltage of the third and fourth switches are clamped to the voltage Vs/2 while the voltage Vs/2 is applied to the first terminal of the panel capacitor.

Abstract: A conductive structure containing copper is capable of being etched to have a reliable profile where the copper layer is free of corrosion or oxidation includes a barrier layer formed on an insulating or semiconductor substrate followed by a copper layer, a blocking layer and a capping layer. The copper layer includes copper or copper alloy. The barrier layer includes molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum nitride (MoN) or molybdenum alloy which includes at least one of MoW, MoTi, MoNb or MoZr. The blocking layer includes copper nitride, copper oxide or copper oxinitride. The capping layer includes molybdenum, molybdenum nitride (MoN) or molybdenum alloy which includes at least one of MoW, MoTi, MoNb and MoZr.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner is provided, including: preparing a toner composition including a macromonomer having a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group and one or more reactive functional groups, and one or more polymerizable monomers; emulsion polymerizing the toner composition and mixing one or more materials selected from the group consisting of a colorant dispersion and a wax dispersion, dispersed in a nonionic reactive emulsifier; and separating and drying a emulsion polymerized toner composition. A toner prepared is also provided using the method. An image forming method, and an image forming apparatus are provided employing the toner. Using the method, polymerized toner particles are prepared through a simplified process, and a colorant and wax are dispersed easily inside the toner particles.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner is provided, including: preparing a toner composition including a macromonomer having a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and at least one reactive functional group, and at least one polymerizable monomer; emulsion polymerizing the toner composition and mixing at least one material selected from the group consisting of a colorant and wax during the emulsion polymerization; and separating and drying a emulsion polymerized toner composition. A toner prepared using the method, an image forming method using the toner, and an image forming apparatus employing the toner are also provided. Using the method, polymerized toner particles are prepared through simplified process and, a colorant and wax inside the toner are dispersed easily.