Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising: an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an electrically-conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on said support; an electrostatic charging unit for electrostatically charging said electrophotographic photoreceptor; an exposing unit for exposing said electrostatically charged electrophotographic photoreceptor to light to form an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit for developing said electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a toner image; a transferring unit for transferring said toner image onto a transferring medium; and a cleaning device for removing a toner left on said electrophotographic photoreceptor after the transfer of said toner image, wherein said image forming apparatus is capable of performing image formation at a processing speed of not lower than 150 mm/s, wherein said electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises a surface layer containing a siloxane-based resin having charge-transporting properties and a crosslinked stru

Abstract: Provided are a photoreceptor of an electophotographic system satisfactorily high in resistance to contamination with a developer or corona products and durability to a contact electrification unit or a cleaning blade and capable of preventing occurrence of film defects in the production, and a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus in which a good image quality can be obtained over a long period of time. The photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a silicon compound-containing layer located on the substrate and containing a cyclic siloxane compound and/or derivatives thereof.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor with excellent wear resistance and high durability, and an image formation method having a high toner transferring efficiency and capable of providing images with high quality. The image formation method features a developing step of forming a toner image by developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of a latent image carrier by a developer containing at least a toner, a transferring step of forming a transferred image by transferring the toner image formed on the surface of the latent image carrier to the surface of an object recording medium, and a fixing step of fixing the toner image transferred on the surface of the object recording medium. The latent image carrier has a surface layer containing a cross-linked resin having charge transporting property, and the toner is a toner containing at least a binder resin of mainly a crystalline resin and a coloring agent.

Abstract: The present invention is an organic electroluminescence device having one or two or more organic film layers formed on the surface of the substrate such that the organic film layer is held by an anode and a cathode, wherein at least one of the organic film layers is a layer comprising a cross-linked cured film containing compounds having a substituted silicon group having a hydrolyzable group, or a derivative thereof, and at least one of the compounds having a substituted silicon group having the hydrolysable group is a compound represented by the following general formula (I):

Abstract: An apparatus for forming an image that can stably provide an image for a long period of time is provided by using an electrophotographic photoreceptor having, as the outermost layer, a hard film containing one or more of a charge transporting organic silicon compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display element, which is driven at a low voltage, displays a high-contrast image with few density irregularities, and has improved image holding property. In a display element, which displays an image by moving, between a first and second substrate, particles having different colors and charge polarities by an electric field applied between the first and second substrates, the surface roughness of at least one of the substrates is 1 nm to 1 &mgr;m, the coefficient of shape is 100 to 140, the width and depth of the recessed part are not identical to the diameter of the particles and the contacting parts of the recessed part and the particles do not form a surface.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor that can sufficiently prevent occurrence of filming, whereby defects on an image can be sufficiently prevented, and an electrophotographic process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are to be provided. The electrophotographic photoreceptor contains an electroconductive substrate having provided thereon a photosensitive layer, and an outermost layer of the photosensitive layer has a dynamic hardness of about from 13.0×109 to 100.0×109 N/m2. According to the invention, occurrence of flaws on the surface of the photoreceptor can be sufficiently prevented, and cracking of a member made in contact with the photoreceptor can also be sufficiently prevented. Therefore, occurrence of filming is sufficiently prevented, and occurrence of defects on an image is also sufficiently prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of an electronic device comprising the steps of: preparing at least two kinds of hydrolytic silicon compounds that are different in reactivity to water; preparing a protective group precursor having a substituent having a reactivity to water equal or substantially equal to the reactivity of a reactive group of one of the hydrolytic silicon compounds to water; exchanging a reactive group of the other hydrolytic silicon compound with the substituent of the protective group precursor; preparing a silicon-containing coating agent containing the one of the hydrolytic silicon compounds and a hydrolytic silicon compound having the reactive group which has been exchanged with the substituent of the protective group precursor; and coating and curing the silicon-containing coating agent on a base plate so that at least one layer of a cured film is formed.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which includes contacting a solution containing at least one of optically functional organosilicon compounds represented by formula (I) F—[D—A]b  (I) with a solid catalyst for reaction, then separating the solid catalyst to form an optically functional coating solution, and coating and curing the optically functional coating solution to form a cured film, an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least one layer made of the cured film produced by this process, and an image-forming apparatus having the same.

Abstract: A process for preparing a stable titanyl phthalocyanine crystal showing at least one diffraction peak at a Bragg angle (2&thgr;±0.2) of 27.3° is disclosed, which comprises treating amorphous or quasi-amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine with a solvent selected from an alcohol solvent, an aromatic solvent, a mixed solvent of an alcohol solvent and an aromatic solvent, or a mixed solvent of an alcohol solvent and water. The resulting titanyl phthalocyanine exhibits high photosensitivity and excellent durability as a photoconductive material of an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus of an electrophotographic system equipped with an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatically charger, a light-exposure, a developing device, and a transferring device, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer, and an uppermost surface layer successively laminated on an electrically conductive substrate, the charge transport layer having a layer containing at least 45% by weight a charge transporting material, and the wear rate of the uppermost surface layer being less than the wear rate of said layer, and the time from a light-exposure to a development is not longer than 150 m sec. The image-forming apparatus is excellent in the printing durability and the stability, gives less image flowing, and is small-sized and high-speed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a silane compound represented by general formula, I, below, a method for preparing the silane compound and a photoreceptor for use in electrostatic photography utilizing the silane compound. Accordingly, the present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an enhanced mechanical strength, a high sensitivity and superior stability to environmental conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed are a charge transporting material useful as a material for organic electronic devices such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an organic EL device, and an organic solar cell and a process for the preparation of charge transporting fine particles. The charge transporting material comprises charge transporting fine particles formed with a charge transporting organic compound as an essential component, said charge transporting organic compound being selected from high molecular compounds and low molecular compounds, each having a positive hole transporting property or electron transporting property. The fine particles are granulated by emulsion dispersion, with a preferred average particle size of 0.01 to 50 .mu.m, and particle size distribution of 1.0 to 2.0 in terms of the square root of the ratio of 90% average particle size to 10% average particle size of the total volume or total number of the fine particles.

Abstract: An improved electrophotographic photosensitive material having a photosensitive layer on a conductive support.

Abstract: A process for preparing mono-iodinated aromatic compound is disclosed, wherein the process comprises iodinating an aromatic compound, at least two portions of which can be iodinated, in a solvent mixture of water and acetic acid using iodic acid or periodic acid and iodine, wherein the iodic acid or periodic acid and iodine, and the aromatic compound are added in an amount so that the ratio of the atom number of iodine atom to the molecular number of the aromatic compound is less than 1.The process provides a mono-iodinated aromatic compound having high purity in a high yield.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate having thereon a photosensitive layer, the photosensitive layer containing a hydroxymetal or hydroxysilicon phthalocyanine pigment represented by formula (I) as a charge generating material, the phthalocyanine pigment having been treated with an orcanometallic compound having a hydrolyzable functional group or a hydrolysis product thereof: ##STR1## wherein Me represents A, Ga, In, Si, Ge or Sn; X representsH, C, Br or I; m represents an integer of from I to 4; and n represents 1 where Me is A, Ga or In, or 2 where Me is Si, Ge or Sn.

Abstract: A charge transporting polymer represented by formula (I-1) or (I-2) and an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing the same: ##STR1## wherein Y and Z each represents a divalent hydrocarbon group; A represents a group represented by formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group or a halogen atom; X represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic group; n represents an integer of 1 to 5; and k represents 0 or 1; B and B' each represents --O--(Y--O).sub.m --H or --O--(Y--O).sub.m --CO--Z--CO--OR' (wherein R' represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group; Y and Z are as defined above; and m represents an integer of 1 to 5); m represents an integer of 1 to 5; and p represents an integer of 5 to 5000.

Abstract: An organic electronic device which comprises a layer including at least one charge transporting copolyester containing at least two repeating structural units selected from the group consisting of the structures represented by formulae (I-a) and (I-b) as partial structures: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a halogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; X represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic group; n is an integer of from 1 to 5; and k is an integer of 0 or 1.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate thereof. The photosensitive layer contains a charge transport polyester resin containing at least one of structures represented by the following general formulas (I-1) and (I-2) as a partial structure of repeated units; and at least one bisazo pigment represented by the following general formula (A) or condensational and polycyclic aromatic pigment: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are each independently, a hydrogen atom or the like, X is a bivalent aryl group, k and I are 0 or 1 and T is a hydrocarbon radical,Cp-N.dbd.N-G-N.dbd.N-Cp' (A)wherein Cp and Cp' are each a coupler and G is a predetermined bivalent group.

Abstract: A charge transporting polymer represented by formula ##STR1## wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group or --CONH--R, wherein R' represents an alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a halogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; X represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic group; y represents 0 or 1; m represents 0 or 1; n represents an integer of 1 to 5; and p represents an integer of 5 to 5000,a process for producing the same, and an organic electron device containing the same, such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor are disclosed. The charge transporting polymer is excellent in solubility, film-forming properties, mechanical strength, positive hole mobility, and stability to repeated use.