Abstract: In a heat pump apparatus, it is aimed to enhance efficiency of a defrost operation by reducing a loss of heat radiation during the defrost operation and reducing a compressor input during the defrost operation. The heat pump apparatus includes a main refrigerant circuit in which a compressor, a first heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism, and a second heat exchanger are connected sequentially, and also includes a bypass circuit including an on-off valve and providing a connection by bypassing the expansion mechanism. The main refrigerant circuit includes a four-way valve that switches between a heating operation and the defrost operation by switching an order in which the refrigerant circulates through the main refrigerant circuit. The main refrigerant circuit also includes a first temperature detection unit and a second temperature detection unit. Based on values detected by these temperature detection units, a degree of superheat of the first heat exchanger during the defrost operation is computed.

Abstract: It is aimed to provide a heat pump type hot-water supply outdoor apparatus that can control a temperature of a compressor shell, according to a water temperature of a water circuit and a temperature of the compressor.

Abstract: It is aimed to simultaneously supply hot water at a required temperature to a high-temperature heating appliance and hot water at a required temperature to a low-temperature heating appliance, the low-temperature heating appliance requiring hot water at a temperature lower than a temperature required by the high-temperature heating appliance, and to enhance efficiency by collecting surplus heat when the temperature of the hot water to be supplied to the low-temperature heating appliance is adjusted. A pipe through which flows the hot water at a high temperature to be supplied to the high-temperature heating appliance is branched into a first supply pipe and a second supply pipe. Heat exchange is effected between the hot water flowing through the first supply pipe and return water which has been supplied to a first appliance.

Abstract: When using a plurality of heaters such as heat pump units, capacity is properly distributed according to the required capacity, thereby enabling highly efficient operation of a hot water system. To achieve this, a control apparatus determines the heating capacity of each of the heat pump units in a way that the total heating capacity of the heat pump units reaches the heating capacity required in the hot water system as a whole, and further in a way that the total COP (coefficient of performance) of the heat pump units satisfies predetermined condition. The control apparatus controls each of regulating valves in a way that the heating capacity of each of the heat pump units reaches the above determined heating capacity.

Abstract: A heat pump type hot water supply outdoor apparatus, in a compressor, a water heat exchanger, a first expansion valve, a medium pressure receiver, a second expansion valve, and an air heat exchanger are connected circularly, has an injection circuit, which is a bypass for a part of the refrigerant between the medium pressure receiver and the second pressure reduction unit, to inject the part of refrigerant into a compression chamber of the compressor, and has a third expansion valve and an internal heat exchanger for carrying out heat exchange between the refrigerant whose pressure is reduced by the third expansion valve and the refrigerant between the medium pressure receiver and the second expansion valve, a pressure detection sensor for detecting a condensing pressure, and a controller for starting an injection control by the third expansion valve at the time when the condensing pressure detected by the pressure sensor or the condensing temperature calculated from the condensing pressure becomes a first pr

Abstract: A heat pump apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit in which a compressor, a condenser, expansion means, and an evaporator are serially connected. Condensation temperature detection means that detects a saturation temperature of the condenser, and evaporation temperature detection means that detects the saturation temperature of the evaporator are provided. Operation efficiency is estimated by a value obtained by dividing heating ability estimated from a detection value of the condensation temperature detection means by a difference between a detection value of condensation temperature detection means and that of evaporation temperature detection means or dissipation power estimated by the difference.

Abstract: A compressor 1 for compressing a refrigerant containing a hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant, a condenser 2 for condensing the refrigerant by heat exchange, a throttle device 4 for decompressing the condensed refrigerant, an evaporator 5 for evaporating the refrigerant by heat exchange between the decompressed refrigerant and air, and air adsorbing means 3 for adsorbing oxygen and nitrogen are connected by piping so as to configure a refrigerant circuit through which the refrigerant containing the hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant is circulated.

Abstract: A cyclic peptide compound of the following general formula (I): Wherein R1, R2 and R3 are defined in the description, or a salt thereof. The compound (I) is useful for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of hepatitis C.

Abstract: A heat pump type hot water supply outdoor apparatus, in a compressor, a water heat exchanger, a first expansion valve, a medium pressure receiver, a second expansion valve, and an air heat exchanger are connected circularly, has an injection circuit, which is a bypass for a part of the refrigerant between the medium pressure receiver and the second pressure reduction unit, to inject the part of refrigerant into a compression chamber of the compressor, and has a third expansion valve and an internal heat exchanger for carrying out heat exchange between the refrigerant whose pressure is reduced by the third expansion valve and the refrigerant between the medium pressure receiver and the second expansion valve, a pressure detection sensor for detecting a condensing pressure, and a controller for starting an injection control by the third expansion valve at the time when the condensing pressure detected by the pressure sensor or the condensing temperature calculated from the condensing pressure becomes a first pr

Abstract: To provide a heat pump water heater outdoor unit and heat pump water heater capable of preventing reduction in heating/hot water supply ability even at a low ambient temperature.

Abstract: A cyclic peptide compound of the following general formula (I): Wherein R1, R2 and R3 are defined in the description, or a salt thereof. The compound (I) is useful for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of hepatitis C.

Abstract: Polyenepolycarboxylic acids represented by the following formula (1); (wherein n represents an integer of 0 to 5 and m represents an integer of 1 or 2, provided m is 1 when n is 0), or derivatives thereof at their carboxyl group(s) or their salts. The above compounds originate from natural products and are capable of exhibiting excellent dispersing ability.

Abstract: To provide a cemented carbide cutting tool having high chipping resistance. In a cutting tool made of a cemented carbide alloy comprising 8 to 13 percent by weight of Co; the Co based alloy containing W and C components as constituents for forming a dispersing phase, a V component, and an optional Cr component, and forming a binding phase; the residual dispersing phase having an average particle diameter of 1 &mgr;m or less; the alloy further containing 72 to 90 percent by area of WC according to measurement of an electron microscopic texture and fine (V,W)C or fine (V,Cr,W)C; each of the contents of the V and Cr components being 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of the total; the tungsten carbide as a constituent of the dispersing phase has a texture in which ultra-fine particles having a particle diameter of 100 nm or less of the Co-based cemented carbide alloy are dispersed in a tungsten carbide matrix.

Abstract: In a cemented carbide cutting tool made of a tungsten carbide-based alloy comprising 8 to 13 percent by weight of Co and 0.1 to 3 percent by weight of Cr as constituents for forming a binding phase, the balance being tungsten carbide as a constituent for forming a dispersing phase and incidental impurities, the rate of the dispersing phase to the total of the dispersing phase and the binding phase being in a range of 72 to 90 percent by area and the average particle diameter being 1 &mgr;m or less according to measurement of an electron microscopic texture; the dispersing phase of the cemented carbide cutting tool made of a tungsten carbide-based alloy comprises a dispersing phase composed of ultra-fine particles dispersed in a matrix and having a particle diameter of 100 nm or less, and the ultra-fine particles comprise a Co based alloy.