Abstract: A thermal fuse includes a fusible alloy including tin, a couple of lead conductors connected to both ends of the fusible alloy, respectively, and a surface layer on the lead conductors, respectively. The surface layer is made of tin or alloy including tin as main substance, and has a thickness not greater than 14 ?m. The thermal fuse has a stable fusing temperature.

Abstract: A thermal fuse comprises: a first insulating film to which a pair of metal terminals are attached; a fusible alloy located above the first insulating film and connected between the leading end portions of the pair of metal terminals; and a second insulating film located above the fusible alloy and attached to the first insulating film so as to define a space with the first insulating film. The fusible alloy includes an Sn—Bi—In—Zn alloy containing 0.5 to 15 weight % of Bi, 45 to 55 weight % of In and 0.5 to 5 weight % of Zn with the balance being Sn.

Abstract: An engine ECU includes a bandpass filter (1) extracting only vibrations at a first frequency band A, a bandpass filter (2) extracting only vibrations at a second frequency band B, a bandpass filter (3) extracting only vibrations at a third frequency band C, and a bandpass filter (4) extracting only vibrations at a fourth frequency band D including the first to third frequency bands A-C. The engine ECU determines whether knocking occurred or not based on a vibration waveform of the fourth frequency band D and a peak value in magnitude of vibrations in a synthesized waveform of the first to third frequency bands.

Abstract: An engine ECU 200 includes a bandpass filter (1), a bandpass filter (2), and a bandpass filter (3). The bandpass filter (1) extracts only vibrations at a first frequency band A from the vibrations detected by a knock sensor. The bandpass filter (2) extracts only vibrations at a second frequency band B from the vibrations detected by the knock sensor. The bandpass filter (3) extracts only vibrations at a third frequency band C from the vibrations detected by the knock sensor. The first to third frequency bands A-C are identical in bandwidth. The engine ECU calculates a peak value in magnitude of vibrations in a synthesized waveform of these frequency bands, and determines whether knocking occurred or not based on the peak value.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including the steps of: comparing a vibration waveform of an engine and a knock waveform model stored in advance to calculate a correlation coefficient K; prohibiting correction when a correction prohibiting condition of a determination value V(KX) is satisfied, the determination value V(KX) compared with a knock magnitude N calculated from the correlation coefficient K so as to control the ignition timing; and correcting the determination value V(KX) based on a magnitude value LOG(V) calculated from a magnitude V of vibration in an ignition cycle in which the correlation coefficient K greater than a threshold value K(1) is calculated when the correction prohibiting condition of determination value V(KX) is not satisfied. The correlation coefficient K is calculated as a smaller value when the vibration waveform includes a waveform of vibration of a noise component as compared with that when the vibration waveform does not include it.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including a step of calculating intensity values LOG(V), a step of detecting vibration waveforms, a step of calculating a correlation coefficient K based on vibration waveforms, a step of preparing frequency distribution of intensity values LOG(V) smaller than a threshold V(1) and intensity values LOG(V) in an ignition cycle where correlation coefficient K is larger than a threshold K(1), a step of calculating a knock determination level V(KD) based on a median V(50) and a standard deviation ? of intensity values LOG(V), and a step of counting the number of intensity values LOG(V) larger than knock determination level V(KD) as the number of times that knocking has occurred.

Abstract: A knock waveform model (thick line) is prepared by correcting a line (thin line) representing an average value of a vibration waveform measured in advance to have more moderate inclination. The knocking determination device determines whether knocking occurred in an engine or not, based on a result of comparison between the knock waveform model and a waveform detected by a knock sensor.

Abstract: A fuse has a pair of lead terminals disposed on a substrate, an intermediate layers for welding formed on the surface of at least one of the lead terminals, and a fuse element. The fuse element is welded to the pair of lead terminals through the intermediate layer so as to span the same. Further, the intermediate layer is formed on at least one of the lead terminals except a face thereof opposing each other. Owing to this configuration, after the fuse has melted down, the melted fuse element is prevented from being spread out into the space between the opposing faces of the lead terminals and insulation therebetween is secured.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including a step of calculating a knock intensity N as based on comparing a waveform detected as a waveform of a vibration attributed to knocking with a knock waveform model stored in a memory as a waveform of a vibration attributed to knocking for crank angles except for crank angles where a magnitude of a vibration not attributed to knocking is greater than a predetermined magnitude, a step of determining that the engine knocks if knock intensity N is larger than a predetermined reference value, and a step of determining that the engine does not knock if knock intensity N is not larger than a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: A thermal fuse having a quick melting property is provided. In the thermal fuse, metal layers 15, 16 connected to a fusible alloy 13 are provided at respective leading ends of a pair of metal terminals 11. The metal layers 15, 16 have larger wettability to a fusible alloy 13 than wettability of metal terminals 11 and first insulating film 12. The area (S) of the metal layers 15, 16, the length (L1) and the volume (V) of the fusible alloy 13, the distance (L2) between the leading ends of the metal terminals 11, and the distance (d) from the bottom face of the second insulating film 14 to the top face of the metal layers 15,16 satisfy the relation of Sd>V(L1+L2)/2L1.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including a step of calculating coefficient of correlation K that is a value related to a deviation between a vibration waveform and a knock waveform model by comparing the engine's vibration waveform with the knock waveform model stored in advance at a plurality of timings, a step of calculating a knock intensity N as based on a largest coefficient of correlation K among the calculated coefficient of correlation Ks, a step of determining that the engine knocks if knock intensity N is larger than a predetermined reference value (YES at S108), and a step of determining that the engine does not knock if knock intensity N is not larger than a predetermined reference value (NO at S108).

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including the steps of: detecting a waveform of vibration of an engine at a predetermined knock detection gate; determining whether a detected vibration's waveform and a knock waveform model stored in memory match within a predetermined range; if the model and the detected vibration's waveform match within the predetermined range, determining that the engine knocks; and if the model and the detected vibration's waveform do not match within the predetermined range, then determining that the engine does not knock.

Abstract: A thermal fuse includes a first insulation film having a pair of metal terminals mounted thereto, a fusible alloy located over the first insulation film and connected between respective ends of the metal terminals, a second insulation film provided over the fusible alloy and bonded to the first insulation film as to provide a space between the first and second insulation films. The fusible alloy includes an Sn—Bi—In alloy containing 20 to 39.5 wt. % of tin, 11.5 to 31 wt. % of bismuth, and 49 to 68.5 wt. % of indium. The fusible alloy does not release lead or cadmium even after being disposed of since it contains no lead and no cadmium.

Abstract: A thermal fuse includes a fusible alloy including tin, a couple of lead conductors connected to both ends of the fusible alloy, respectively, and a surface layer on the lead conductors, respectively. The surface layer is made of tin or alloy including tin as main substance, and has a thickness not greater than 14 ?m. The thermal fuse has a stable fusing temperature.

Abstract: A fuse has a pair of lead terminals disposed on a substrate, an intermediate layers for welding formed on the surface of at least one of the lead terminals, and a fuse element. The fuse element is welded to the pair of lead terminals through the intermediate layer so as to span the same. Further, the intermediate layer is formed on at least one of the lead terminals except a face thereof opposing each other. Owing to this configuration, after the fuse has melted down, the melted fuse element is prevented from being spread out into the space between the opposing faces of the lead terminals and insulation therebetween is secured.

Abstract: Quantity of flux coated on fusible alloy of a thermal fuse disclosed can be inspected accurately by an image processing method. The thermal fuse comprises: (a) first insulation film 11 coupled with a pair of metal terminals 12; (b) fusible alloy 13 coupled between ends of the metal terminals 12, being placed above first insulation film 11; (c) flux 14 coated on fusible alloy 13; and (d) second insulation film 15 disposed on first insulation film 11 so that an internal space is formed, being placed above fusible alloy 13, wherein at least either of first insulation film 11 or second insulation film 15 is transparent or translucent, and flux 14 has the Gardner color scale from 4 to 16.

Abstract: A thermal fuse includes an insulating case having a bottom and having an opening provided therein, a fusible alloy provided in the insulating case, a lead conductor having one end connected to the fusible alloy and other end led out from the insulating case through the opening of the insulating case, a flux provided on the fusible alloy, and a sealer for sealing the opening of the insulating case. The volume of a space between the fusible alloy in the insulating case and the sealer is larger than the volume of the flux. Sealing of the fuse is prevented from deteriorating, and the insulating film is prevented from damage even when the thermal fuse is used for breaking a large current at a high voltage.

Abstract: A low coherent reflectometer uses low coherent beams for measurement of refletance and refleting positions with respect to a measured optical circuit which includes a reflecting point. The low coherent beams are branched to produce measurement beams (DL) and local beams (KL), so that the measurement beams are introduced into a first optical path, which includes a dispersion shifted fiber, towards the measured optical circuit, while the local beams are introduced into a second optical path which includes a spatial optical path terminated by a reflecting mirror. Refleted measurement beams (RL) and reflected local beams are combined together to produce combined beams, which are subjected to processing and analysis.