Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A porous layer composed of porous silicon, and the like is formed by anodization and the like on a substrate acting as a vibration sheet of, for example, a liquid discharging head, and a single crystal thin film is epitaxially grown on the porous layer. A lower electrode, a piezoelectric film, and an upper electrode are laminated on the single crystal thin film, and the piezoelectric film is made to a single crystal or a highly oriented polycrystal by a heat treatment. Stress caused by a difference between the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and that of the piezoelectric film can be eased by interposing the porous layer therebetween.

Abstract: A loss in the rigidity of a substrate for a liquid discharge head having nozzles at a high density can be suppressed. A liquid discharge head includes plural pressure generating chambers respectively provided with pressure generating elements, plural nozzle apertures respectively communicating with the plural pressure generating chambers and adapted to discharge a liquid, and a reservoir with which the plural pressure generating chambers commonly communicate respectively through communicating parts. The pressure generating chambers and the reservoir respectively have recessed portions formed respectively on one and the other of two principal planes of the same substrate, and the reservoir contains a portion shallower than a portion within the reservoir that communicates with the pressure generating chambers.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head according to the present invention comprises plural pressure chambers for applying pressure to liquid, which communicate with liquid discharge openings for discharging liquid respectively; and plural piezoelectric elements, arranged corresponding to the plural pressure chambers, respectively, which respectively include lower electrodes, piezoelectric layers and upper electrodes layered in order from the pressure chambers, the lower electrodes being extended to areas corresponding to areas between the plural pressure chambers, and wherein an insulating layer is provided so as to cover at least all the lower electrodes located in the areas corresponding to areas between the plural pressure chambers.

Abstract: The invention is to suppress a loss in the rigidity of a substrate for a liquid discharge head having nozzles at a high density. The invention provides a liquid discharge head including plural pressure generating chambers respectively provided with pressure generating elements, plural nozzle apertures respectively communicating with the plural pressure generating chambers and adapted to discharge a liquid, and a reservoir with which the plural pressure generating chambers commonly communicate respectively through communicating parts, wherein the pressure generating chambers and the reservoir respectively have recessed portions formed respectively on one and the other of two principal planes of a same substrate, and the reservoir contains a portion shallower than a communicating part nearby area in the vicinity of the communicating part within the reservoir.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid discharge head includes, on a same substrate, pressure generating chambers, nozzle apertures communicating with the pressure generating chambers through nozzle communicating parts, and a reservoir, wherein a cross-section area of the nozzle communicating part is larger, along a direction parallel to a nozzle aperture face of the substrate, than a cross-section area of the nozzle aperture, and the cross-section area of the nozzle aperture in such direction remains constant over the entire length of the nozzle aperture.

Abstract: A porous layer composed of porous silicon, and the like is formed by anodization and the like on a substrate acting as a vibration sheet of, for example, a liquid discharging head, and a single crystal thin film is epitaxially grown on the porous layer. A lower electrode, a piezoelectric film, and an upper electrode are laminated on the single crystal thin film, and the piezoelectric film is made to a single crystal or a highly oriented polycrystal by a heat treatment. Stress caused by a difference between the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and that of the piezoelectric film can be eased by interposing the porous layer therebetween.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: A method of producing a semiconductor element is disclosed which comprises a step of preparing a semiconductor element member comprising a projection region on a substrate, a step of embedding an upper surface of the substrate, and upper and side surfaces of the projection region in a potting material, an exposure step of exposing the upper surface of the projection region, a deposition step of depositing an electrode material on the upper surface of the projection region, and a step of removing the potting material.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration. An apparatus for determining a type of a sheet comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration, wherein a type of the sheet is determined on the basis of the signal from said detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises a vibration applying unit that contacts with and applies a vibration to a sheet, and a detection unit that outputs a signal by the vibration.

Abstract: A signal output apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. An apparatus for determining the type of sheet comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact, wherein the type of the sheet is determined based on the signal from the detection unit. An image forming apparatus comprises an impact applying unit applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, and a detection unit outputting a signal by the impact. A method for determining the type of sheet comprises the steps of applying an impact to a sheet from the outside thereof, outputting a signal from a detection unit by the applying step, and determining the type of sheet based on the signal. An apparatus carries out the method for determining the type of sheet.

Abstract: To obtain a stable image forming apparatus of a high quality without a luminance fluctuation and a color mixture due to a positional deviation, the following construction is disclosed. A method of manufacturing an image display apparatus in which a first substrate on which fluorescent body exciting means is arranged and a second substrate on which a fluorescent body that emits light by the fluorescent body exciting means is arranged are arranged so as to face each other and are adhered through joining members at their peripheries, wherein a seal bonding step of adhering the first and second substrates through a joining members and a step of performing a position matching of the first and second substrates are executed in a vacuum.

Abstract: A distributed feedback semiconductor laser of the present invention includes a waveguide with an active layer and a diffraction grating, and a first phase shift region formed in the waveguide. The waveguide extends along a cavity-axial direction and is defined such that propagation of light in two different polarization modes is permitted in the waveguide. The first phase shift region extends along the cavity-axial direction and has a polarization dependency that an effective refractive index for propagation light of the first phase shift region differs from an effective refractive index for propagation light of a region of the waveguide other than the first phase shift region such that a phase shift of a quarter wavelength of the propagation light is created for one of the two polarization modes and a phase shift of a half wavelength of the propagation light is created for the other of the two polarization modes in the first phase shift region.

Abstract: To obtain a stable image forming apparatus of a high quality without a luminance fluctuation and a color mixture due to a positional deviation, the following construction is disclosed. A method of manufacturing an image display apparatus in which a first substrate on which fluorescent body exciting means is arranged and a second substrate on which a fluorescent body that emits light by the fluorescent body exciting means is arranged are arranged so as to face each other and are adhered through joining members at their peripheries, wherein a seal bonding step of adhering the first and second substrates through a joining members and a step of performing a position matching of the first and second substrates are executed in a vacuum.

Abstract: To obtain a stable image forming apparatus of a high quality without a luminance fluctuation and a color mixture due to a positional deviation, the following construction is disclosed. A method of manufacturing an image display apparatus in which a first substrate on which fluorescent body exciting means is arranged and a second substrate on which a fluorescent body that emits light by the fluorescent body exciting means is arranged are arranged so as to face each other and are adhered through joining members at their peripheries, wherein a seal bonding step of adhering the first and second substrates through a joining members and a step of performing a position matching of the first and second substrates are executed in a vacuum.

Abstract: A novel peptide having molecular weight of 31,000 (SDS-PAGE) is obtained from aqueous extract of Natto or the culture of Bacillus natto by purification procedures including alcohol fractionation and/or salting out and hydrophobic chromatography, and the physicochemical properties, including the amino acid sequence, of the peptide are determined.The peptide is active in fibrinolysis, exhibits strong thrombolytic activity by oral administration and is useful as an oral thrombolytic agent.

Abstract: There are provided thrombolytic agents suited for oral administration. The agent comprises a proteolytic enzyme of subtilisin family, such as subtilisin BPN', subtilisin Carsberg, subtilisin amylosacchariticus, etc., produced by microorganisms belonging to genus Bacillus, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, etc. and, even when administered orally, exhibits thrombolytic activity.

Abstract: An ion implanter has a sample table on which a sample is placed, and means for injecting ions into the sample by applying an ion beam to the sample on the sample table. The ion implanter has magnetic field applying means for generating radial magnetic fields on the surface of the sample from near the center of the sample to outside of the outer periphery of the sample. The secondary electrons generated when the ion beam irradiates the sample table or the sample, including the secondary electrons generated from the sample table near the outer periphery of the sample, are trapped in the magnetic fields and transferred to the central portion of the sample. The secondary electrons are attracted by the electrostatic charge of the ions injected to the surface of the sample and recombine with the ions. Consequently, the electrostatic charge on the surface of the sample is decreased, preventing generation of device defects caused by electrostatic discharge damage.