Abstract: If an optical path length of an optical system is reduced and a length of a laser light on an irradiation surface is increased, there occurs curvature of field which is a phenomenon that a convergent position deviates depending on an incident angle or incident position of a laser light with respect to a lens. To avoid this phenomenon, an optical element having a negative power such as a concave lens or a concave cylindrical lens is inserted to regulate the optical path length of the laser light and a convergent position is made coincident with a irradiation surface to form an image on the irradiation surface.

Abstract: In a phase error corrector, a signal extractor extracts received reference signals from received signals, and an error vector calculator calculates the error vectors of phase errors by comparing the extracted received reference signals with a known reference signal that is to be transmitted. A representative vector calculator divides, according to frequency, the error vectors into two or more groups and calculates representative vectors for the respective groups. A correction value calculator calculates, on the basis of the representative vectors, phase correction values for the respective frequencies. A phase corrector uses the calculated phase correction values to correct the phase errors for the respective frequencies.

Abstract: A highly reliable light-emitting device which includes an organic EL element and is lightweight is provided. The light-emitting device includes a first organic resin layer; a first glass layer over the first organic resin layer; a light-emitting element over the first glass layer; a second glass layer over the light-emitting element; and a second organic resin layer over the second glass layer. The first organic resin layer and the first glass layer each have a property of transmitting visible light. The thickness of the first glass layer and the thickness of the second glass layer are independently greater than or equal to 25 ?m and less than or equal to 100 ?m. The light-emitting element includes a first electrode having a property of transmitting visible light, a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound, and a second electrode stacked in this order from the first glass layer side.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that by laser beam being slantly incident to the convex lens, an aberration such as astigmatism or the like is occurred, and the shape of the laser beam is made linear on the irradiation surface or in its neighborhood. Since the present invention has a very simple configuration, the optical adjustment is easier, and the device becomes compact in size. Furthermore, since the beam is slantly incident with respect to the irradiated body, the return beam can be prevented.

Abstract: If an optical path length of an optical system is reduced and a length of a laser light on an irradiation surface is increased, there occurs curvature of field which is a phenomenon that a convergent position deviates depending on an incident angle or incident position of a laser light with respect to a lens. To avoid this phenomenon, an optical element having a negative power such as a concave lens or a concave cylindrical lens is inserted to regulate the optical path length of the laser light and a convergent position is made coincident with a irradiation surface to form an image on the irradiation surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photoelectric conversion device. Specifically, the photoelectric conversion device has a structure in which a substrate including a photoelectric conversion element provided at the bottom and a substrate including a photoelectric conversion element provided at the side are secured in a brace form by a light-dividing device. This structure divides incident light using the light-dividing device into a plurality of wavelength bands, and causes the divided light to fall onto the photoelectric conversion elements provided at the bottom and side, thereby making it possible to provide a photoelectric conversion device which is capable of generating a lame amount of electric power. In addition, the light-dividing device distributes pressures and impacts applied to the substrates at the bottom and side, thus making it possible to provide a photoelectric conversion device which has resistance to pressures and impacts.

Abstract: A first shape of semiconductor region having on its one side a plurality of sharp convex top-end portions is formed first and a continuous wave laser beam is used for radiation from the above region so as to crystallize the first shape of semiconductor region. A continuous wave laser beam condensed in one or plural lines is used for the laser beam. The first shape of semiconductor region is etched to form a second shape of semiconductor region in which a channel forming region and a source and drain region are formed. The second shape of semiconductor region is disposed so that a channel forming range would be formed on respective crystal regions extending from the plurality of convex end portions. A semiconductor region adjacent to the channel forming region is eliminated.

Abstract: A metal foil for electromagnetic shielding, comprising: a metal foil base having a thickness of exceeding 4 ?m, an alloy layer having an A element configured of Sn or In and a B element group selected from the group consisting of one or more of Ag, Ni, Fe and Co formed on one or both surfaces of the base, and an underlayer having the B element group formed between the alloy layer and the base, wherein an adhesion amount of the A element is 10 to 300 ?mol/dm2, and a total adhesion amount of the B element group is 40 to 900 ?mol/dm2.

Abstract: A highly reliable light-emitting device which includes an organic EL element and is lightweight is provided. The light-emitting device includes a first organic resin layer; a first glass layer over the first organic resin layer; a light-emitting element over the first glass layer; a second glass layer over the light-emitting element; and a second organic resin layer over the second glass layer. The first organic resin layer and the first glass layer each have a property of transmitting visible light. The light-emitting element includes a first electrode having a property of transmitting visible light, a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound, and a second electrode stacked in this order from the first glass layer side.

Abstract: A phase rotation correcting method includes receiving a signal modulated by a multi-value modulation method; recognizing a position of a symbol point of the received signal on an IQ plane; performing phase rotation for rotating a phase of the symbol point of the received signal toward an I axis or a Q axis in accordance with the recognized position and calculating, as an amount of phase rotation correction, a value on an axis different from the axis toward which the phase of the symbol point has been rotated by the phase rotation; and correcting phase rotation of the symbol point by using the calculated amount of phase rotation correction.

Abstract: A metal foil for electromagnetic shielding, comprising: a metal foil base, an Sn—Ni alloy layer formed on one or both surfaces of the base, and an oxide layer formed on a surface of the Sn—Ni alloy layer, wherein the Sn—Ni alloy layer includes 20 to 80% by mass of Sn and has a thickness of 30 to 500 nm, and wherein when an analysis in a depth direction is carried out by an XPS being the depth from an outermost surface as X nm, and an atomic percentage (%) of Sn is represented by ASn (X), an atomic percentage (%) of Ni is represented by ANi (X), an atomic percentage (%) of oxygen is represented by AO(X), and X is defined to be XO when AO(X)=0, 30 nm=>XO=>0.5 nm, and 0.4=>?ANi(X)dx/?ASn(X)dx=>0.05 in a section [0, X0] is satisfied.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a laser irradiation technique for irradiating the irradiation surface with the laser beam having homogeneous intensity distribution using a cylindrical lens array without being affected by the intensity distribution of the original beam. A laser beam emitted from a laser oscillator is divided by two kinds of cylindrical lens arrays into a plurality of beams, which are two kinds of linear laser beams with their energy intensity distribution inverted each other, and the two kinds of linear laser beams are superposed in a minor-axis direction. This can form the linear laser beam having homogeneous intensity distribution on the irradiation surface.

Abstract: To provide a substrate which is light and has high reliability and high light extraction efficiency from an organic EL element. To provide a substrate which includes a protective layer in a resin layer, an uneven structure on a light incident surface, and an opening which surrounds the uneven structure and through which the protective layer is exposed. To provide a light-emitting device which includes a resin layer provided with an uneven structure on a light incident surface over a protective layer, and a light-emitting element in the protective layer and a counter substrate which are bonded with a sealant. The protective layer and the resin layer have a property of transmitting visible light. The light-emitting element includes a light-transmitting first electrode over a resin layer, a layer containing a light-transmitting organic compound over the first electrode, and a second electrode over the layer containing a light-transmitting organic compound.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a laser irradiation technique for irradiating the irradiation surface with the laser beam having homogeneous intensity distribution using a cylindrical lens array without being affected by the intensity distribution of the original beam. A laser beam emitted from a laser oscillator is divided by two kinds of cylindrical lens arrays into a plurality of beams, which are two kinds of linear laser beams with their energy intensity distribution inverted each other, and the two kinds of linear laser beams are superposed in a minor-axis direction. This can form the linear laser beam having homogeneous intensity distribution on the irradiation surface.

Abstract: A carrier leakage correction device includes a non-modulation signal generator that outputs a first non-modulation signal having a first amplitude or a second non-modulation signal having a second amplitude larger than the first amplitude, a quadrature modulator that performs quadrature modulation on the first or second non-modulation signal and converts a first or second quadrature modulation signal into a high-frequency signal, an envelope detector that detects an envelope of the high-frequency signal, a correction value searcher that performs a search for a correction value giving a minimum value of a fluctuation amount of an envelope amplitude of the envelope detected by the envelope detector by changing a candidate for the correction value, and a corrector that adds the correction value obtained through the search of the correction value searcher to the first or second non-modulation signal.

Abstract: A receiving device that receives a signal in a receiving antenna. The receiving device includes a gain controller that adjusts a gain in the receiving device in response to information related to power of the signal, and a signal detector that determines whether, within a predetermined period after the information related to the power of the signal exceeds a first threshold value, the information related to the power of the signal exceeds a second threshold value which is larger than the first threshold value. The gain controller adjusts a search range of the gain in the receiving device based on a determination result of the signal detector with respect to the information related to the power of the signal.

Abstract: A metal foil for electromagnetic shielding, comprising: a metal foil base, an Sn—Ni alloy layer formed on one or both surfaces of the base, and an oxide layer formed on a surface of the Sn—Ni alloy layer, wherein the Sn—Ni alloy layer includes 20 to 80% by mass of Sn and has a thickness of 30 to 500 nm, and wherein when an analysis in a depth direction is carried out by an XPS being the depth from an outermost surface as X nm, and an atomic percentage (%) of Sn is represented by ASn (X), an atomic percentage (%) of Ni is represented by ANi (X), an atomic percentage (%) of oxygen is represented by AO(X), and X is defined to be XO when AO(X)=0, 30 nm=>XO=>0.5 nm, and 0.4=>?ANi(X)dx/?ASn(X)dx=>0.05 in a section [0, X0] is satisfied.

Abstract: A semiconductor device production system using a laser crystallization method is provided which can avoid forming grain boundaries in a channel formation region of a TFT, thereby preventing grain boundaries from lowering the mobility of the TFT greatly, from lowering ON current, and from increasing OFF current. Rectangular or stripe pattern depression and projection portions are formed on an insulating film. A semiconductor film is formed on the insulating film. The semiconductor film is irradiated with continuous wave laser light by running the laser light along the stripe pattern depression and projection portions of the insulating film or along the major or minor axis direction of the rectangle. Although continuous wave laser light is most preferred among laser light, it is also possible to use pulse oscillation laser light in irradiating the semiconductor film.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a laser irradiation method and a laser irradiation apparatus for irradiating an irradiation surface with a linear beam having more homogeneous intensity by blocking a low-intensity part of the linear beam without forming the fringes due to the diffraction on the irradiation surface. In the laser irradiation, a laser beam emitted from a laser oscillator 101 passes through a slit 102 so as to block a low-intensity part of the laser beam, the traveling direction of the laser beam is bent by a mirror 103, and an image formed at the slit is projected to an irradiation surface 106 by a convex cylindrical lens 104.

Abstract: In a phase error corrector, a signal extractor extracts received reference signals from received signals, and an error vector calculator calculates the error vectors of phase errors by comparing the extracted received reference signals with a known reference signal that is to be transmitted. A representative vector calculator divides, according to frequency, the error vectors into two or more groups and calculates representative vectors for the respective groups. A correction value calculator calculates, on the basis of the representative vectors, phase correction values for the respective frequencies. A phase corrector uses the calculated phase correction values to correct the phase errors for the respective frequencies.