Abstract: An example of a three-dimensionally printed object includes a bulk portion having a ferritic microstructure; and a site-specific alloyed section having a pearlite microstructure. The three-dimensionally printed object may be generated using different examples of a three-dimensional (3D) printing method. Each example of the 3D printing method utilizes a two-stage heat treatment.

Abstract: A powder bed material can include from 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 ?m to 150 ?m. From 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the metal particles can be surface-activated metal particles having in intact inner volume and an outer volume with structural defects. The structural defects can exhibit an average surface grain density of 50,000 to 5,000,000 per mm2.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes defining, for an interior portion of an object to be generated in additive manufacturing, an imaging characteristic in a radiation environment. In some examples the method further includes deriving object model data for generating the interior portion of the object by determining an amount of a first contrast agent and an amount of a second contrast agent to deposit such that the object generated according to the object model data comprises the defined imaging characteristic apparent in an image of at least a part of the object comprising the interior portion captured in the radiation environment. The first contrast agent and the second contrast agent may have different imaging characteristics in the radiation environment.

Abstract: According to an example, a green body may include from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of a metal nanoparticle binder and a build material powder, wherein the metal nanoparticle binder is selectively located within an area of the green body to impart a strength greater than about 3 MPa.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing method can include iteratively applying polymer build material as individual layers; based on a three-dimensional object model, selectively jetting an electromagnetic radiation absorber and a translucency-modulating plasticizer onto individual layers of the polymer build material; and exposing the powder bed to electromagnetic energy to selectively fuse portions of individual layers of the polymer build material together to form a three-dimensional object. The polymer build material can include from about 60 wt % to 100 wt % polymeric particles having an average particle size from about 10 ?m to about 150 ?m and a degree of crystallinity from about 2% to about 60%, to a powder bed. At the locations where the polymer build material includes jetted translucency-modulating plasticizer, the three-dimensional object can exhibit an optical transmittance from about 5% to about 80%.

Abstract: Examples of binder agents for a three-dimensional (3D) printing process are disclosed. In an example, the binder agent includes copper nanoparticles and a liquid vehicle. In this example, the liquid vehicle includes an antioxidant, polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether, and a balance of water. Another example of the binder agent includes stainless steel nanoparticles and a liquid vehicle. In this example, the liquid vehicle includes polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether, and a balance of water. Still another example of the binder agent includes nickel nanoparticles and a liquid vehicle. The liquid vehicle includes an antioxidant; a symmetric triblock copolymer including poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide), and a balance of water.

Abstract: In an example 3D printing method, an electrical conductivity value for a resistor is identified. Based upon the identified electrical conductivity value, a predetermined amount of a conductive agent is selectively applied to at least a portion of a build material layer in order to introduce a predetermined volume percentage of a conductive material to the resistor. Based upon the identified electrical conductivity value and the predetermined volume percent of the conductive material, a predetermined amount of a resistive agent is selectively applied to the at least a portion of the build material layer in order to introduce a predetermined volume percentage of a resistive material to the resistor. The build material layer is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the at least the portion coalesces to form a layer of the resistor.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing method can include iteratively applying polymer build material as individual layers; based on a three-dimensional object model, selectively jetting an electromagnetic radiation absorber and a translucency-modulating plasticizer onto individual layers of the polymer build material; and exposing the powder bed to electromagnetic energy to selectively fuse portions of individual layers of the polymer build material together to form a three-dimensional object. The polymer build material can include from about 60 wt % to 100 wt % polymeric particles having an average particle size from about 10 ?m to about 150 ?m and a degree of crystallinity from about 2% to about 60%, to a powder bed. At the locations where the polymer build material includes jetted translucency-modulating plasticizer, the three-dimensional object can exhibit an optical transmittance from about 5% to about 80%.

Abstract: In an example 3D printing method, an electrical conductivity value for a resistor is identified. Based upon the identified electrical conductivity value, a predetermined amount of a conductive agent is selectively applied to at least a portion of a build material layer in order to introduce a predetermined volume percentage of a conductive material to the resistor. Based upon the identified electrical conductivity value and the predetermined volume percent of the conductive material, a predetermined amount of a resistive agent is selectively applied to the at least a portion of the build material layer in order to introduce a predetermined volume percentage of a resistive material to the resistor. The build material layer is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, whereby the at least the portion coalesces to form a layer of the resistor.

Abstract: According to an example, a green body may include from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of a metal nanoparticle binder and a build material powder, wherein the metal nanoparticle binder is selectively located within an area of the green body to impart a strength greater than about 3 MPa.

Abstract: In one example in accordance with the present disclosure, a system is described. The system includes a reader to read an identifier from a storage element associated with a part. An extractor of the system extracts, based on the identifier, lifecycle conditions specific to the part. A controller of the system alters manufacturing operations based on extracted lifecycle conditions for the part.

Abstract: In one example in accordance with the present disclosure, a system is described. The system includes a reader to 1) read an identifier from a three-dimensional (3D) System printed object that includes a storage element and 2) read a location of the 3D printed object within a build material bed. An extractor of the system extracts, based on the identifier, a post processing operation to execute on the 3D printed object. A controller of the system controls a post processing operation based on extracted post processing operation information and the location.

Abstract: A powder bed material can include from 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 ?m to 150 ?m. From 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the metal particles can be surface-activated metal particles having in intact inner volume and an outer volume with structural defects. The structural defects can exhibit an average surface grain density of 50,000 to 5,000,000 per mm2.

Abstract: In an example, a method is described that includes building a first layer of a three-dimensional heterogeneous object in a first plurality of passes of an additive manufacturing system. An electronic component is inserted directly into the first layer. The electronic component is then fused to the first layer in a second plurality of passes of the additive manufacturing system.

Abstract: A system for forming a multiple layer object, the system including: a spreader to form a layer of polymer particles, the polymer particles having a melting temperature (Tm) of at least 250° C.; a fluid ejection head to selectively deposit a first fusing agent on a first portion of the layer and selectively deposit a second fusing agent on a second portion of the layer, wherein the fluid ejection head does not deposit the fusing agent on a third portion of the layer; and a heat source to heat the first portion and second portion, wherein the first portion is part of the multiple layer object and the second portion is not part of the multiple layer object and the second portion raises a temperature of polymer particles in a subsequent layer.

Abstract: In an example, a three-dimensional (3D) printed part comprises a plurality of fused build material layers including exterior layers and interior layers. At least some of the interior layers include a composite portion having a miscible solid physically bonded to an amide functionality or an amine functionality of the build material. The miscible solid is a solid at a room temperature ranging from about 18° C. to about 25° C.

Abstract: In one example in accordance with the present disclosure, a system is described. The system includes a reader to read an identifier associated with a part. An extractor of the system extracts, based on the identifier, sensor output data for the part. A transmitter of the system transmits a re-order request for the part based on the sensor output data.

Abstract: According to examples, an object may include a shell including a polymer binder and build material powder; and a core at least partially encompassed by the shell, the core including build material powder and a metal nanoparticle binder.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a conductive trace precursor composition comprising a metal salt; 3 to 15 weight % of a reducing solvent selected from a lactam and/or a polyol, and water. Where the reducing solvent is 2-pyrrolidinone, the 2-pyrrolidinone is not present in an amount of 5 weight % or in an amount of 7.5 weight % of the conductive trace precursor composition.

Abstract: A powder bed material can include from 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 ?m to 150 ?m. From 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the metal particles can be surface-activated metal particles having in intact inner volume and an outer volume with structural defects. The structural defects can exhibit an average surface grain density of 50,000 to 5,000,000 per mm2.