Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, a method for treating a geologic formation that includes providing a hydraulic fracture model, providing a first value representative of a volume of kerogen breaker in a fracturing fluid, determining a discrete fracture network (DFN) based on the hydraulic fracture model and the first value, determining a geomechanical model based on the DFN and a reservoir model based on the DFN, determining a hydrocarbon production volume based on the geomechanical model and the reservoir model, adjusting the first value based on the hydrocarbon production volume, and adjusting a volume of kerogen breaker in the fracturing fluid to a hydrocarbon reservoir based on the adjusted first value.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a reference signal transmission method, including: sending, by a terminal, a first reference signal and a second reference signal; and correspondingly, receiving, by a network device, the first reference signal and the second reference signal, where the first reference signal is mapped to a plurality of symbols and is used for estimation of channel state information, the second reference signal is mapped to at least two of the plurality of symbols and is used for phase tracking, and a subcarrier to which the second reference signal is mapped on one of the at least two symbols has a same frequency-domain location as a subcarrier to which the second reference signal is mapped on the rest of the at least two symbols. With the foregoing solution, accuracy of channel state information estimation can be improved.

Abstract: There is provided an information generation method and apparatus, which relates to a technical field of augmented reality. The method includes acquiring relative position information on a user relative to a target object in a virtual environment, determining sensory information corresponding to the target object based on the relative position information and the attribute information on the target object, and converting the sensory information into electrical signals to stimulate the user through the brain-machine interface device. Accordingly, the method helps the user experience the attributes of the object in the virtual environment and improves the authenticity of the interaction.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating mined sand to remove an impurity in accordance with the disclosure. An example method mined sand provides mined sand containing the impurity, contacting the mined sand with an aqueous treatment fluid comprising an ethoxylated alcohol and a sulfonic acid derivative, and drying the mined sand; wherein at least a portion of the impurity is removed from the dried mined sand after contact of the mined sand with the aqueous treatment fluid.

Abstract: A method may include: providing a fracturing fluid including, but not limited to, an aqueous base fluid, a friction reducer, and a friction reduction booster; and introducing the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating mined sand to remove an impurity in accordance with the disclosure. An example method mined sand provides mined sand containing the impurity, contacting the mined sand with an aqueous treatment fluid comprising an ethoxylated alcohol and a sulfonic acid derivative, and drying the mined sand; wherein at least a portion of the impurity is removed from the dried mined sand after contact of the mined sand with the aqueous treatment fluid.

Abstract: A slickwater fracturing fluid that includes a brine with dissolved solids, an anionic friction reducing additive, a polysaccharide, and a nanomaterial that includes nanoparticles with an average particle size between about 1 nm and about 500 nm. The polysaccharide and the anionic friction reducing additive synergistically reduce friction of the slickwater fracturing fluid so as to increase an injection rate of the slickwater fracturing fluid. Also, the polysaccharide, the anionic friction reducing additive, and the nanomaterial synergistically provide viscosity to the slickwater fracturing fluid so as to increase proppant transport capability. Also described is a method of fracturing a subterranean formation by pumping the slickwater fracturing fluid into a borehole and fracturing the subterranean formation with the slickwater fracturing fluid.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid can include: a base fluid, wherein the base fluid comprises water; proppant; a friction reducer; and a friction reducer enhancer, wherein the friction reducer enhancer is a surfactant. The friction reducer enhancer can be in a concentration greater than or equal to a critical micelle concentration. Methods of fracturing a subterranean formation can include introducing the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation. The friction reducer enhancer can increase the hydration rate of the friction reducer, whereby friction reduction of the fracturing fluid can occur much faster than without the friction reducer enhancer.

Abstract: A slickwater fracturing fluid that includes a brine with dissolved solids, an anionic friction reducing additive, a polysaccharide, and a nanomaterial that includes nanoparticles with an average particle size between about 1 nm and about 500 nm. The polysaccharide and the anionic friction reducing additive synergistically reduce friction of the slickwater fracturing fluid so as to increase an injection rate of the slickwater fracturing fluid. Also, the polysaccharide, the anionic friction reducing additive, and the nanomaterial synergistically provide viscosity to the slickwater fracturing fluid so as to increase proppant transport capability. Also described is a method of fracturing a subterranean formation by pumping the slickwater fracturing fluid into a borehole and fracturing the subterranean formation with the slickwater fracturing fluid.

Abstract: A method of servicing a wellbore penetrating at least a portion of a subterranean formation, including placing into the wellbore a wellbore servicing fluid including a friction reducer, an iron control agent, and an aqueous fluid. The iron control agent can include a compound according to Structure I, a salt of Structure I, or combinations thereof: wherein R1, R1a, R2, R2a, R3 and R3a are defined as set forth in the specification. The methods in this disclosure can be used for iron mitigation.

Abstract: A method of preparing a fracturing fluid comprising: preparing or providing an aqueous fluid containing iron ions; screening a plurality of friction reducers against the aqueous fluid wherein the plurality of friction reducers are anionic, cationic, nonionic, amphoteric, or combinations thereof; selecting at least one friction reducer from the plurality of friction reducers based at least in part on the step of screening; and preparing a fracturing fluid including the at least one friction reducer.

Abstract: a method of treating aqueous wellbore fluids, comprising (a) converting one or more multivalent cations in a multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid to form a mixture comprising one or more insoluble compounds and a treated aqueous fluid, (b) separating the treated aqueous fluid from the one or more insoluble compounds, and (c) contacting the treated aqueous fluid with a sulfide-containing aqueous fluid to form a compatibilized aqueous fluid, wherein the multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid, the sulfide-containing aqueous fluid, or both were recovered from wellbores prior to (c).

Abstract: A method may include: preparing or providing an aqueous fluid containing iron ions; screening at least one iron control agent against the aqueous fluid; selecting at least one iron control agent and iron control agent concentration based at least in part on the step of screening; and preparing a fracturing fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid and the at least one iron control agent wherein a concentration of the iron control agent in the fracturing fluid is greater than or equal to the selected iron control agent concentration.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid, the VES fluid comprising desulfated seawater. The method of producing the VES fluid comprises adding an alkaline earth metal halide to seawater to produce a sulfate precipitate. The method further comprises removing the sulfate precipitate to produce the desulfated water. The method further comprises adding a VES and one or more of a nanoparticle viscosity modifier or a polymeric modifier to the desulfated seawater. Other embodiments are directed to VES fluids that maintain a viscosity greater than 10 cP at temperatures above 250° F.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for treating aqueous fluids that may be included in treatment fluids that are used for treating a subterranean formation. In some embodiments, the methods include: providing a water-based friction reducing additive that includes an aqueous base fluid, a salt, a first friction reducing polymer, and a suspension agent; introducing the water-based friction reducing additive into a treatment fluid; and introducing the treatment fluid into a wellbore penetrating at least a portion of a subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or enhance one or more fractures within the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid including a mixture of an aqueous terpolymer composition including a terpolymer, an additive, and crosslinker. The terpolymer includes 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid monomer units, or a salt thereof. The additive includes a sugar alcohol or a derivative thereof, and the crosslinker includes a metal. The weight ratio of the metal to the terpolymer is in a range of 0.01 to 0.16, and a concentration of the additive is in a range of 0.001 wt. % to 10 wt. % of the fracturing fluid. Treating a subterranean formation includes introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation, and crosslinking the fracturing fluid in the subterranean formation to yield a crosslinked fracturing fluid. The crosslinked fracturing fluid mitigates damage caused by substantial amounts of total dissolved solids or significant water hardness.

Abstract: A method may include: providing a fracturing fluid including, but not limited to, an aqueous base fluid, a friction reducer, and a friction reduction booster; and introducing the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid can include: a base fluid, wherein the base fluid comprises water; proppant; a friction reducer; and a friction reducer enhancer, wherein the friction reducer enhancer is a surfactant. The friction reducer enhancer can be in a concentration greater than or equal to a critical micelle concentration. Methods of fracturing a subterranean formation can include introducing the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation. The friction reducer enhancer can increase the hydration rate of the friction reducer, whereby friction reduction of the fracturing fluid can occur much faster than without the friction reducer enhancer.

Abstract: a method of treating aqueous wellbore fluids, comprising (a) converting one or more multivalent cations in a multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid to form a mixture comprising one or more insoluble compounds and a treated aqueous fluid, (b) separating the treated aqueous fluid from the one or more insoluble compounds, and (c) contacting the treated aqueous fluid with a sulfide-containing aqueous fluid to form a compatibilized aqueous fluid, wherein the multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid, the sulfide-containing aqueous fluid, or both were recovered from wellbores prior to (c).

Abstract: Methods and compositions for treating aqueous fluids that may be included in treatment fluids that are used for treating a subterranean formation. In some embodiments, the methods include: providing a water-based friction reducing additive that includes an aqueous base fluid, a salt, a first friction reducing polymer, and a suspension agent; introducing the water-based friction reducing additive into a treatment fluid; and introducing the treatment fluid into a wellbore penetrating at least a portion of a subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or enhance one or more fractures within the subterranean formation.