Abstract: A system and method for hydraulic fracturing including mixing seawater with an additive to precipitate sulfate from the seawater and mixing a flocculating agent with the seawater to agglomerate the sulfate precipitates.

Abstract: A method for formulating a hydraulic fracturing fluid composition with increased viscosity and resistance to degradation at increased temperature and pressure. The method includes preparing an alkanolamine borate formulation compatible for mixing with a hydraulic fracturing fluid comprising polysaccharides; preparing the hydraulic fracturing fluid comprising polysaccharides; and mixing the alkanolamine borate formulation with the hydraulic fracturing fluid, such that the alkanolamine borate formulation causes crosslinking of the hydraulic fracturing fluid.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid including a mixture of an aqueous copolymer composition including a copolymer, the copolymer having 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid monomer units, or a salt thereof, and a crosslinker. The crosslinker includes a metal, and the weight ratio of the metal to the copolymer is in a range of 0.01 to 0.08. Treating a subterranean formation includes introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation, and crosslinking the fracturing fluid in the subterranean formation to yield a crosslinked fracturing fluid. The crosslinked fracturing fluid has a viscosity of at least 500 cP for at least 80 minutes when the gel is subjected to a shear rate of 40 s?1 at a temperature in a range of 300° F. to 400° F.

Abstract: A well servicing fluid includes ingredients including a GLDA salt, a crosslinker, and a viscosifying agent that is not crosslinked by the crosslinker. A well treatment method includes forming a well servicing fluid with ingredients including a GLDA salt, a viscosifying agent, and a crosslinker, the GLDA salt containing a metal cation chelated with a GLDA anion. The well servicing fluid is inserted into a well in a formation. The method includes crosslinking the viscosifying agent and attaining a first viscosity of the well servicing fluid using the crosslinker. After the attaining of the first viscosity, viscosity of the well servicing fluid in the well is decreased to a second viscosity less than the first viscosity by using the GLDA anion. The GLDA salt may be a GLDA calcium salt and the crosslinker may be a zirconium crosslinker.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid including a mixture of an aqueous terpolymer composition including a terpolymer, an additive, and crosslinker. The terpolymer includes 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid monomer units, or a salt thereof. The additive includes a sugar alcohol or a derivative thereof, and the crosslinker includes a metal. The weight ratio of the metal to the terpolymer is in a range of 0.01 to 0.16, and a concentration of the additive is in a range of 0.001 wt. % to 10 wt. % of the fracturing fluid. Treating a subterranean formation includes introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation, and crosslinking the fracturing fluid in the subterranean formation to yield a crosslinked fracturing fluid. The crosslinked fracturing fluid mitigates damage caused by substantial amounts of total dissolved solids or significant water hardness.

Abstract: A low-corrosivity composition suitable for dissolving scale on metals. The scale includes iron sulfide scale. The composition includes an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution comprising hydrogen peroxide; and an acidic solution comprising at least one acid, where the hydrogen peroxide and acid are present at concentrations such that the hydrogen peroxide does not break down to form visible bubbles at about room temperature, where the hydrogen peroxide and acid are present at concentrations such that iron sulfide scale is removed from a metal with iron sulfide scale, after the composition contacts the metal and iron sulfide scale at an elevated temperature greater than room temperature, and where the hydrogen peroxide and acid are present at concentrations such that pitting is not caused on the metal, the metal comprising carbon steel.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid, the VES fluid comprising desulfated seawater. The method of producing the VES fluid comprises adding an alkaline earth metal halide to seawater to produce a sulfate precipitate. The method further comprises removing the sulfate precipitate to produce the desulfated water. The method further comprises adding a VES and one or more of a nanoparticle viscosity modifier or a polymeric modifier to the desulfated seawater. Other embodiments are directed to VES fluids that maintain a viscosity greater than 10 cP at temperatures above 250° F.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid including a mixture of an aqueous copolymer composition including a copolymer, the copolymer having 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid monomer units, or a salt thereof, and a crosslinker. The crosslinker includes a metal, and the weight ratio of the metal to the copolymer is in a range of 0.01 to 0.08. Treating a subterranean formation includes introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation, and crosslinking the fracturing fluid in the subterranean formation to yield a crosslinked fracturing fluid. The crosslinked fracturing fluid has a viscosity of at least 500 cP for at least 80 minutes when the gel is subjected to a shear rate of 40 s?1 at a temperature in a range of 300° F. to 400° F.

Abstract: A method of hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore comprises: providing a diverting fluid comprising a carrier fluid, a first superabsorbent polymer and a second superabsorbent polymer, the second superabsorbent polymer having a shape, or a composition, or a combination thereof different from that of the first superabsorbent polymer; injecting the diverting fluid into the subterranean formation; and injecting a fracturing fluid into the formation after injecting the diverting fluid. A viscosity modifying agent can be present in the diverting fluid. Superabsorbent polymers can also be used to develop a temporary filter cake at the formation face to reduce or eliminate the fluid leakoff out of the wellbore.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid including a mixture of an aqueous copolymer composition including a copolymer, the copolymer having 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid monomer units, or a salt thereof, and a crosslinker. The crosslinker includes a metal, and the weight ratio of the metal to the copolymer is in a range of 0.01 to 0.08. Treating a subterranean formation includes introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation, and crosslinking the fracturing fluid in the subterranean formation to yield a crosslinked fracturing fluid. The crosslinked fracturing fluid has a viscosity of at least 500 cP for at least 80 minutes when the gel is subjected to a shear rate of 40 s?1 at a temperature in a range of 300° F. to 400° F.

Abstract: Self-suspending proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating are provided. The CO2-philic coating may be lightly crosslinked and may have a physical structure that constrains CO2 molecules. Methods of making self-suspending proppants may include coating a proppant particle with a polymerizable precursor material of a CO2-philic material and polymerizing the polymerizable precursor material to form a self-suspending proppant are also provided. Additionally, hydraulic fracturing fluids that may include a CO2-based fluid and the self-suspending proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations by contacting a subterranean formation with hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are provided.

Abstract: Self-suspending proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating are provided. The CO2-philic coating may be lightly crosslinked and may have a physical structure that constrains CO2 molecules. Methods of making self-suspending proppants may include coating a proppant particle with a polymerizable precursor material of a CO2-philic material and polymerizing the polymerizable precursor material to form a self-suspending proppant are also provided. Additionally, hydraulic fracturing fluids that may include a CO2-based fluid and the self-suspending proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations by contacting a subterranean formation with hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are provided.

Abstract: Self-suspending proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating are provided. The CO2-philic coating may be lightly crosslinked and may have a physical structure that constrains CO2 molecules. Methods of making self-suspending proppants may include coating a proppant particle with a polymerizable precursor material of a CO2-philic material and polymerizing the polymerizable precursor material to form a self-suspending proppant are also provided. Additionally, hydraulic fracturing fluids that may include a CO2-based fluid and the self-suspending proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations by contacting a subterranean formation with hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are provided.

Abstract: A method of fracturing a subterranean formation penetrated by a well comprises: forming a fracturing composition comprising a carrier fluid; and a superabsorbent polymer component comprising one or more of the following: a first composite of a proppant and a first superabsorbent polymer in an unhydrated form, the first superabsorbent polymer being at least partially embedded in a void area of the proppant; a coated superabsorbent polymer; a superabsorbent material having a three-dimensional network; or a second composite of a second superabsorbent polymer and a slow-release breaker; and pumping the hydraulic fracturing composition into the subterranean formation to create or enlarge a fracture.

Abstract: Viscosifying proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating in which the CO2-philic coating has a solvable portion that viscosifies a CO2-based fluid when the viscosifying proppant is added to the CO2-based fluid are provided. Methods of making viscosifying proppants are also provided that include coating proppant particles with a precursor material of a CO2-philic material, and polymerizing the precursor material to form a viscosifying proppant. Viscous hydraulic fracturing fluids include a CO2-based fluid and the viscosifying proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations that include contacting a subterranean formation with a viscous hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are also provided.

Abstract: A method of fracturing a subterranean formation penetrated by a well comprises: forming a fracturing composition comprising a carrier fluid; and a superabsorbent polymer component comprising one or more of the following: a first composite of a proppant and a first superabsorbent polymer in an unhydrated form, the first superabsorbent polymer being at least partially embedded in a void area of the proppant; a coated superabsorbent polymer; a superabsorbent material having a three-dimensional network; or a second composite of a second superabsorbent polymer and a slow-release breaker; and pumping the hydraulic fracturing composition into the subterranean formation to create or enlarge a fracture.

Abstract: Viscosifying proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating in which the CO2-philic coating has a solvable portion that viscosifies a CO2-based fluid when the viscosifying proppant is added to the CO2-based fluid are provided. Methods of making viscosifying proppants are also provided that include coating proppant particles with a precursor material of a CO2-philic material, and polymerizing the precursor material to form a viscosifying proppant. Viscous hydraulic fracturing fluids include a CO2-based fluid and the viscosifying proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations that include contacting a subterranean formation with a viscous hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are also provided.

Abstract: Viscosifying proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating in which the CO2-philic coating has a solvable portion that viscosifies a CO2-based fluid when the viscosifying proppant is added to the CO2-based fluid are provided. Methods of making viscosifying proppants are also provided that include coating proppant particles with a precursor material of a CO2-philic material, and polymerizing the precursor material to form a viscosifying proppant. Viscous hydraulic fracturing fluids include a CO2-based fluid and the viscosifying proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations that include contacting a subterranean formation with a viscous hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are also provided.

Abstract: Techniques for hydraulically fracturing a geologic formation include circulating a proppant-free hydraulic fracturing liquid into a wellbore that is formed from a terranean surface into a geologic formation within a subterranean zone that is adjacent the wellbore; fluidly contacting the geologic formation with the proppant-free hydraulic fracturing liquid for a specified duration of time; and subsequent to the specified duration of time, circulating a hydraulic fracturing liquid that includes proppant into the wellbore to fracture the geologic formation.

Abstract: Viscosifying proppants including proppant particles coated with a CO2-philic coating in which the CO2-philic coating has a solvable portion that viscosifies a CO2-based fluid when the viscosifying proppant is added to the CO2-based fluid are provided. Methods of making viscosifying proppants are also provided that include coating proppant particles with a precursor material of a CO2-philic material, and polymerizing the precursor material to form a viscosifying proppant. Viscous hydraulic fracturing fluids include a CO2-based fluid and the viscosifying proppants and methods of treating subterranean formations that include contacting a subterranean formation with a viscous hydraulic fracturing fluid and propagating at least one subterranean fracture are also provided.