Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide sequences for amplification primers and detection probes and to their use in nucleic acid amplification methods for the detection of HBV in biological samples. In particular, oligonucleotide sequences are provided for the sensitive qualitative or quantitative detection of all eight HBV genotypes. The invention also provides oligonucleotide primer sets and primer/probe sets in the form of kits for the diagnosis of HBV infection.

Abstract: A memory cell for an electrically writeable and erasable memory medium as well as a memory medium thereof is provided. The memory cell comprises a data recording element, the data recording element has a plurality of multiple-layer structure disposed one on top of another; each the multiple-layer structure comprising a plurality of sequentially disposed individual layers. At least one of the plurality of individual layers is capable of changing phase between a crystalline state and an amorphous state in response to an electrical pulse, one of the plurality of individual layers having at least one atomic element which is absent from other one of the plurality of individual layers, and the plurality of multiple-layer structure is of a superlattice-like structure to lower a heat diffusion out of the data recording element to shorten a phase change time of the respective individual layers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide sequences for amplification primers and detection probes and their use in nucleic acid amplification methods for the specific detection of clinically relevant CYP2D6 polymorphisms, in particular CYP2D6 polymorphisms associated with adverse drug response. The oligonucleotide sequences are also provided assembled as kits that can be used to predict how an individual will respond to drugs or other xenobiotic compounds that are metabolized, at least in part, by CYP2D6.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide sequences for amplification primers and detection probes and their use in nucleic acid amplification methods for the specific detection of clinically relevant CYP2C9 polymorphisms, in particular CYP2C9 polymorphisms associated with adverse drug response. The oligonucleotide sequences are also provided assembled as kits that can be used to predict how an individual will respond to drugs or other xenobiotic compounds that are metabolized, at least in part, by CYP2C9.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biomarker for detecting gastric diseases, especially gastric cancer selected from: a nucleic acid sequence of GroES, complementary strand, or derivatives thereof or an amino acid sequence of GroES, derivatives, fragments or variants thereof or antibodies against said amino acid sequences or combinations thereof, yet provides a kit for detecting gastric cancer by use of above-mentioned biomarkers and a detection method.

Abstract: An instant message is received from a first daemon corresponding to a first instant messaging application type originating with a first client, and transmits the instant message to a second daemon corresponding to a second instant messaging application type originating with a second client. A third daemon receives the instant message using communication protocol corresponding to the first instant messaging application type. A message switching unit acquires the second instant messaging application type corresponding to the third daemon identity, and acquires a second daemon identity. A fourth daemon transmits the instant message to the second daemon corresponding to the second daemon identity using communication protocol corresponding to the second instant messaging application type.

Abstract: Provided is a kinetic PCR (“kPCR”) assay for determining gene copy number of a target gene located on chromosome 17. The kPCR assay uses the MMP-28 gene located at the 17q11.2-17q12 loci as a control and thus, is capable of detecting gene copy number of any gene on chromosome 17 in both singleplex and multiplex format without the need for a standard curve. The kPCR assay is useful for determining the gene copy number of the HER2/neu gene located at loci 17q12-17q21.32, which is a requirement for determining if a breast cancer patient is a candidate for anti-HER2/neu gene therapy.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biomarker for detecting gastric diseases, especially gastric cancer selected from: a nucleic acid sequence of GroES, complementary strand, or derivatives thereof or an amino acid sequence of GroES, derivatives, fragments or variants thereof or antibodies against said amino acid sequences or combinations thereof, yet provides a kit for detecting gastric cancer by use of above-mentioned biomarkers and a detection method.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory device adapted for determining a program/erase state of a memory cell in the memory device. The method includes applying a drain operation voltage to a drain of the memory cell so that the memory cell generates a working voltage. The working voltage is a function of the drain operation voltage. Then, the working voltage to the drain operation voltage is differentiated to obtain a slope of the working voltage to the drain operation voltage. The program/erase state of the memory cell is determined according to the slope.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory device adapted for determining a program/erase state of a memory cell in the memory device. The method includes applying a drain operation voltage to a drain of the memory cell so that the memory cell generates a working voltage. The working voltage is a function of the drain operation voltage. Then, the working voltage to the drain operation voltage is differentiated to obtain a slope of the working voltage to the drain operation voltage. The program/erase state of the memory cell is determined according to the slope.

Abstract: A method for evaluating threshold voltage distribution of memory cells. The method comprises connecting all sources and drains of memory cells in a memory array to a fixed voltage; measuring charge pumping current characteristic of a single memory cell versus a first gate voltage and second gate voltage respectively. The total charge pumping current characteristic of a memory array is then measured versus a first gate voltage and second gate voltage respectively. The charge pumping current characteristics of the single memory cell is compared to that of the memory array to obtain a range of threshold voltage distribution.

Abstract: Methods are provided for highly sensitive and rapid in situ detection of a nucleic acid analyte of a known sequence. The method employs oligonucleotide probes in a series of optimized steps to amplify a signal and decrease background. Sensitivity is enhanced such that the method can detect as few as 1–2 copies of nucleic acid analyte per sample, the sample containing a cell, tissue or similar biological material. Methods of detecting and identifying the position of the nucleic acid analyte in a cell are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for patent summarization. A digital file comprising an issued patent document or a published application is acquired. At least one claim string is acquired from the digital file. Multiple elements are acquired from the claim string. A part-of relationship architecture among a portion of the elements is generated according to the claim string. At least one as-is relationship for at least one of the elements is generated according to the claim string. At least one association relationship for at least one of the elements is generated according to the claim string. The part-of relationship architecture, as-is relationship and association relationship are displayed.

Abstract: A method for evaluating threshold voltage distribution of memory cells. The method comprises connecting all sources and drains of memory cells in a memory array to a fixed voltage; measuring charge pumping current characteristic of a single memory cell versus a first gate voltage and second gate voltage respectively. The total charge pumping current characteristic of a memory array is then measured versus a first gate voltage and second gate voltage respectively. The charge pumping current characteristics of the single memory cell is compared to that of the memory array to obtain a range of threshold voltage distribution.

Abstract: A system for peer-to-peer (p2p) communication. A instant message is received from a first daemon corresponding to a first instant messaging application type originating with a first client, and transmits the instant message to a second daemon corresponding to a second instant messaging application type originating with a second client. A third daemon receives the instant message using communication protocol corresponding to the first instant messaging application type. A message switching unit acquires the second instant messaging application type corresponding to the third daemon identity, and acquires a second daemon identity. A fourth daemon transmits the instant message to the second daemon corresponding to the second daemon identity using communication protocol corresponding to the second instant messaging application type.

Abstract: Methods are provided for highly sensitive and rapid in situ detection of a nucleic acid analyte of a known sequence. The method employs oligonucleotide probes in a series of optimized steps to amplify a signal and decrease background. Sensitivity is enhanced such that the method can detect as few as 1-2 copies of nucleic acid analyte per sample, the sample containing a cell, tissue or similar biological material. Methods of detecting and identifying the position of the nucleic acid analyte in a cell are also provided.

Abstract: In data-storage media such as rewritable optical discs (DVD−RAM, DVD+RW, DVD−RW, DVR, CD−RW and PD), the current need for the disc to be initialised before it can be used is eliminated. This is achieved by depositing on the disc, immediately before and/or after the record layer itself has been deposited, a layer of additional material that induces the record layer to become deposited in its crystalline state, or to be transformed spontaneously into that state. One specific material, which has this effect on record layers of GeSbTe and/or AgInSbTe, is Sb2Te3.

Abstract: A memory reflection scheme is disclosed including a snarfing agent provided with efficient memory reflection circuitry for snarfing data. The memory reflection circuitry is for snarfing particular data written back from a write back agent to a memory subsystem agent. In response to unsuccessfully snarfing the particular data written back from the write back agent to the memory subsystem agent, the memory reflection circuitry issues a command to read the particular data from the memory subsystem agent. However, the memory reflection circuitry only issues such a command if the write back agent successfully writes back the particular data to the memory subsystem agent.

Abstract: Novel DNA probe sequences for detection of CMV in a sample in a solution phase sandwich hybridization assay are described. Amplified nucleic acid hybridization assays using the probes are exemplified.