Abstract: Disclosed is a PLL circuit including a deadlock detection circuit includes a counter circuit for counting a clock signal. In a deadlock state, the deadlock detection circuit outputs a deadlock detection signal responsive to an output signal from the counter circuit when the counter circuit has counted a preset number of the clock signal. The deadlock detection signal serves to release the PLL circuit from the dead lock. During the normal operation, the counter circuit does not impart noise to the PLL circuit.

Abstract: An X-ray diagnosis apparatus for obtaining an X-ray image comprises an X-ray radiator, a detector, a first mechanism, a second mechanism, a controller, and an image processor. The X-ray radiator is configured to radiate an X-ray to a specimen. The detector is configured to detect an X-ray data resulting from the X-ray. The first mechanism is coupled to the detector and is configured to shift the detector along a detecting plane of the detector. The second mechanism is coupled to the X-ray radiator and is configured to change a radiation direction of the X-ray against the detector. The controller is configured to control the second mechanism in accordance with the shift of the detector. The image processor is coupled to the detector and is configured to prepare a fluoroscopic image data as the X-ray image based on the X-ray data. The image processor also corrects a deformation of the fluoroscopic image data.

Abstract: A system for detecting tactile information includes strain-gauge touch sensors and a controller. Based on the sum output from each of tough-sensor sensor units, an analyzer in the controller calculates touch force Fi(t) at each measurement point. An automatic gain control adjusts the voltage amplitude Ai(t) of a sine wave of frequency fi applied to the sensor units at each measurement point to bring the voltage amplitude measured at each measurement point in line with a target voltage. The adjusted voltage Ai(t) is applied to the bandpass filter with a composite sine wave y(t) which includes sine waves of each frequency corresponding to the adjusted voltage amplitude Ai(t). This makes it possible to reduce the number of lines between the controller and touch sensors that includes numerous measurement points, and enables the gain of the touch sensors constituted by strain gauges to be controlled within an appropriate range.

Abstract: A method for producing lactones, which comprises reacting an amide compound of Formula (I): [wherein X represents a halogen atom; R, R? and R1 to R6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or any desired substituent; and n represents an integer of 0 to 2] with an aqueous medium.

Abstract: A crawler driving apparatus and a game apparatus in which a storage battery mounted on a crawler is charged with electricity in a state that the crawler is adjacent to or not separated from a runway surface. In the crawler driving apparatus, the crawler 50 has a storage battery to self run by electric power of the storage battery, a charger 70 is disposed at a stand-by position of the crawler, and the storage battery is charged with electricity by the charger in a state that the crawler is not separated from a runway surface.

Abstract: It is possible to blast air on a surface portion of a measured object from a hole of pressing means, project illumination light in a concentric pattern with an optical element and shoot the measured object with a CCD so as to visually grasp hardness distribution on the surface portion from distortion of the concentric pattern displayed on an observed image. As for the hardness distribution, it is possible to detect luminance distribution of a measured object image obtained by the CCD so as to display the concentric pattern which is the luminance distribution as a conspicuous representation of the hardness distribution. And the luminance distribution can also be represented in the concentric pattern by multiplying a luminance value by an overflowing coefficient.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing liquid or solid xenon comprises a duct 12 having an inlet 14 for receiving gaseous xenon and an outlet 16 for outputting gaseous xenon at a reduced temperature to a nozzle located in a vacuum chamber 60. A housing 18 extends about the duct and contains a halocarbon coolant in thermal contact with the duct, and a second duct 24 in thermal contact with the halocarbon coolant for conveying a flow of liquid nitrogen through the housing 18 to control the temperature of the halocarbon. In view of the difference in the pressure of the xenon gas output from the duct and the pressure in the chamber, the thus-cooled gas is caused to liquefy or solidify in the vicinity of the nozzle.

Abstract: A process for producing a monomer for resists represented by the following general formula 1: 1

Abstract: The speed and precision in positioning a moving table in the X-axis and Y-axis directions is enhanced dramatically. An X-Y stage apparatus is provided, in which a moving table is supported relative to a stationary base, with slight displacements made possible within the XY plane, and in which a component mounted and placed on the moving table can be positioned within the XY plane. The X-Y stage apparatus includes an elastic hinge that is flexible only in one or two direction among the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions, and rigid in directions of the other axes. The moving table is supported relative to the stationary base with slight displacements made possible in the XY plane, using an elastic deformation of each of the elastic hinges in the flexible direction. Furthermore, the moving table can be slightly displaced within the XY plane, using an X-axis linear motor, and a Y-axis linear motor.

Abstract: An X-ray diagnosis apparatus for obtaining an X-ray image comprises an X-ray radiator, a detector, a first mechanism, a second mechanism, a controller, and an image processor. The X-ray radiator is configured to radiate an X-ray to a specimen. The detector is configured to detect an X-ray data resulting from the X-ray. The first mechanism is coupled to the detector and is configured to shift the detector along a detecting plane of the detector. The second mechanism is coupled to the X-ray radiator and is configured to change a radiation direction of the X-ray against the detector. The controller is configured to control the second mechanism in accordance with the shift of the detector. The image processor is coupled to the detector and is configured to prepare a fluoroscopic image data as the X-ray image based on the X-ray data. The image processor also corrects a deformation of the fluoroscopic image data.

Abstract: A system for detecting tactile information includes strain-gauge touch sensors and a controller. Based on the sum output from each of touch-sensor sensor units, an analyzer in the controller calculates touch force Fi(t) at each measurement point. An automatic gain control adjusts the voltage amplitude Ai(t) of a sine wave of frequency fi applied to the sensor units at each measurement point to bring the voltage amplitude measured at each measurement point into line with a target voltage, and, via a bandpass filter, applies to each sensor unit a composite sine wave y(t) that includes sine waves of each frequency provided with the thus-adjusted voltage amplitude Ai(t). This makes it possible to reduce the number of lines between the controller and touch sensors that include numerous measurement points, and enables the gain of the touch sensors constituted by strain gauges to be controlled within an appropriate range.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor comprises a thin-film-like magnetic tunnel effect element (magnetoresistive effect element) 11. A coil 21 is disposed in a plane under the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 and parallel to a thin-planar film surface of the element. The coil 21 is a double spiral type coil which includes a first spiral conductor portion 21-1 and a second spiral conductor portion 21-2. The magnetic tunnel effect element 11 is disposed between a spiral center P1 of the first conductor portion 21-1 and a spiral center P2 of the second conductor portion 21-2 in a plan view. The first and second conductor portions 21-1 and 21-2 are connected such that electric currents in the same direction pass through a part of the first conductor portion 21-1 that overlaps the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 in a plan view and through a part of the second conductor portion 21-2 that overlaps the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 in a plan view.

Abstract: The speed and precision in positioning a moving table in the X-axis and Y-axis directions is enhanced dramatically. An X-Y stage apparatus is provided, in which a moving table is supported relative to a stationary base, with slight displacements made possible within the XY plane, and in which a component mounted and placed on the moving table can be positioned within the XY plane. The X-Y stage apparatus includes an elastic hinge that is flexible only in one or two direction among the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions, and rigid in directions of the other axes. The moving table is supported relative to the stationary base with slight displacements made possible in the XY plane, using an elastic deformation of each of the elastic hinges in the flexible direction. Furthermore, the moving table can be slightly displaced within the XY plane, using an X-axis linear motor, and a Y-axis linear motor.

Abstract: When an engine operates in a low and medium load area and in a low and medium speed area, the combustion mode is established to a compression ignition combustion and when the engine operates in other load and speed areas, the combustion mode is established to a spark ignition combustion. Further, when the compression ignition combustion is performed, the mixture is stratified in the combustion chamber and an ultra lean combustion is realized. As a result, both NOx reduction in an ultra lean condition and HC/CO reduction in an oxidation atmosphere can be obtained. On the other hand, when the spark ignition combustion is performed, a normal feedback control of air-fuel ratio activates a three-way catalyst to reduce HC, CO and NOx simultaneously.

Abstract: A combustion control apparatus for an engine having a variable valve timing mechanism capable of varying valve timings of an exhaust valve and an intake valve establishes a combustion mode to either of following three modes, a four-cycle compression ignition combustion mode at a low and medium load area, a two-cycle spark ignition combustion mode at a high load area, and a four-cycle spark ignition combustion mode at a high speed area. When the combustion mode is established to the compression ignition combustion mode, the apparatus establishes the valve timings of the exhaust and intake valves so as to form a negative overlap period in which both exhaust and intake valves concurrently close in the neighborhood of the exhaust top dead center (TDC).

Abstract: A magnetic sensor comprises a thin-film-like magnetic tunnel effect element (magnetoresistive effect element) 11. A coil 21 is disposed in a plane under the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 and parallel to a thin-planar film surface of the element. The coil 21 is a double spiral type coil which includes a first spiral conductor portion 21-1 and a second spiral conductor portion 21-2. The magnetic tunnel effect element 11 is disposed between a spiral center P1 of the first conductor portion 21-1 and a spiral center P2 of the second conductor portion 21-2 in a plan view. The first and second conductor portions 21-1 and 21-2 are connected such that electric currents in the same direction pass through a part of the first conductor portion 21-1 that overlaps the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 in a plan view and through a part of the second conductor portion 21-2 that overlaps the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 in a plan view.

Abstract: Provided is an industrially advantageous process for producing S,S-2-hydroxypropylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid which does not use expensive optically active substances. S,S-2-hydroxypropylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid is stereospecifically produced from fumaric acid and 2-hydroxypropylenediamine by the action of ethylenediamine disuccinic acid ethylenediamine lyase (EDDS-ase) or from maleic acid and 2-hydroxypropylenediamine by combining the action of EDDS-ase with the action of maleic acid isomerase.

Abstract: A crawler driving apparatus and a game apparatus in which a storage battery mounted on a crawler is charged with electricity in a state that the crawler is adjacent to or not separated from a runway surface. In the crawler driving apparatus, the crawler 50 has a storage battery to self run by electric power of the storage battery, a charger 70 is disposed at a stand-by position of the crawler, and the storage battery is charged with electricity by the charger in a state that the crawler is not separated from a runway surface.

Abstract: A combustion control apparatus for an engine having a variable valve timing mechanism capable of varying valve timings of an exhaust valve and an intake valve establishes a combustion mode to either of following three modes, a four-cycle compression ignition combustion mode at a low and medium load area, a two-cycle spark ignition combustion mode at a high load area, and a four-cycle spark ignition combustion mode at a high speed area. Further, the apparatus establishes the valve timings of the exhaust and intake valves so as to form a negative overlap period in which both exhaust and intake valves concurrently close in the neighborhood of the exhaust top dead center (TDC), when the combustion mode is established to the compression ignition combustion mode and establishes the valve timings of the exhaust and intake valves so as to carry out a gas exchange once per one revolution of the engine, when the combustion mode is established to the two-cycle spark ignition combustion mode.

Abstract: When an engine operates in a low and medium load area and in a low and medium speed area, the combustion mode is established to a compression ignition combustion and when the engine operates in other load and speed areas, the combustion mode is established to a spark ignition combustion. Further, when the compression ignition combustion is performed, the mixture is stratified in the combustion chamber and an ultra lean combustion is realized. As a result, both NOx reduction in an ultra lean condition and HC/CO reduction in an oxidation atmosphere can be obtained. On the other hand, when the spark ignition combustion is performed, a normal feedback control of air-fuel ratio activates a three-way catalyst to reduce HC, CO and NOx simultaneously.