Abstract: Process for the carbonylation of n-pentenoic acid or its derivatives of the formula (I) C4H7—R1??(I) where R1 is —CN or COOR2 where R2 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl by reaction of a compound of the formula (I) with carbon monoxide and a compound (II) containing a hydroxyl group in the presence of a catalyst system, wherein the catalyst system is obtainable by reaction of a) a source for a metal ion of a metal (III) of the 8th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements with b) a bidentate phosphine ligand of the formula (IV) (R3R4R5C)(R6R7R8C)P-L1-X-L2-P(CR9R10R11) (CR12R13R14)??(IV) where R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 independently of one another is an organic radical which in each case contains a carbon atom, via which the respective radical is linked to the relevant tertiary carbon atom mentioned in formula (IV); L1, L2 independently of one another are a lower alkylene group; X is an arylene group.

Abstract: A flexible monolithic integrated circuit which is essentially formed from flexible circuit elements, connecting elements between the flexible circuit elements, and a flexible coating which comprises at least one layer of a coating material comprising a polymer, is suitable as a small and convenient integrated circuit for electronic devices on flexible data carriers for the logistic tracking of objects and persons. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a flexible integrated monolithic circuit whereby integrated monolithic circuit elements and connecting elements are formed in and on a semiconductor substrate, the main surface of the integrated circuit elements facing away from the semiconductor substrate are coated with a polymer resin, and the semiconductor substrate is removed. The method is based on conventional process steps in semiconductor technology and leads to a flexible integrated monolithic circuit in a small number of process steps.

Abstract: A method is for producing and applying an antiscatter grid or collimator to an x-ray or gamma detector having matricially arranged detector elements which form a detector surface with detection regions sensitive to x-radiation and/or gamma radiation and less sensitive intermediate regions. In the method, a basic structure is firstly produced for the antiscatter grid or collimator by way of a rapid prototyping technique, through which transmission channels and intermediate walls of the antiscatter grid or collimator are formed which have at least in a first direction a center-to-center spacing which is equal to or an integral multiple of a center-to-center spacing of the sensitive detection regions of the detector. The intermediate walls are coated with a material which strongly absorbs x-radiation and/or gamma radiation in order to finish the antiscatter grid or collimator.

Abstract: A gas generating system for a fuel cell system as well as to a method of operating same. In order to provide hydrogen-containing combustible gas as rapidly as possible and to reduce the exhaust gas emissions, for the start of the operation of the gas generating system, at least one catalytic burner is started and the generated heat is used for evaporating a combustion agent and/or water and for the heating-up of an additionally connected partial reforming unit or partial oxidation stage in order to generate a hydrogen-containing gas for the fuel cell unit by reforming or partial oxidation.

Abstract: Dialkyl ketones are prepared by reductive carbonylation of &agr;-olefins by means of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising (a) palladium or a palladium compound; (b) a phosphine; (c) a protic acid having a pKa of ≦4.5, measured in aqueous solution at 25° C.; and (d) a solubilizable carboxamide.

Abstract: The preparation of amines of the formula (I): R1R2CH—N R3R4  (I) in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of one another, are hydrogen, straight-chain or branched C1-C12-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C6-C10-aryl or C7-C11-aralkyl, takes place by catalytic, reductive amination of mixtures comprising carbonyl compounds of the formula (II) and/or alcohols of the formula (III) R1—C(═O)—R2  (II) R1—CH(OH)—R2  (III) which also comprise at least 50 ppm, based on the mixtures, of halogen, with nitrogen compounds of the formula (IV): H N R3 R4  (IV) with the abovementioned meanings for R1 to R4, in the presence of Co- and/or Ni-containing catalysts, which comprises carrying out the reductive amination additionally in the presence of solid acidic cocatalysts.

Abstract: An arrangement for generating a hydrogen-containing gas from a hydrocarbon-containing medium includes a multi-stage reforming unit that is connected to a multi-stage carbon monoxide removal unit by a heat-conducting separating medium. The stages of the reforming unit, in an ascending order relative to the gas flow direction in the reforming unit, are in a thermal contact with stages of the carbon monoxide removal unit, in a descending order relative to the gas flow direction in the carbon monoxide removal unit.

Abstract: A process for preparing cyclopentene oligomer mixtures of the formula I comprises reacting in a homogeneously or heterogeneously catalyzed metathesis reaction a hydrocarbon mixture which contains cyclopentene and acyclic monoolefins and which originates from petroleum processing by cracking (C5 fraction); cyclopentene oligomers of the formula I obtainable by this process and their use are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control method for the electrical actuator of a variable valve train, the actuator being embodied in the form of a worm gear in which a sensor detects a position value (measured position value) of an eccentric shaft, a control difference is generated in a feedback branch with the use of the measured position value, and the electrical actuator is actuated. To suppress interferences in the control system, an observer value is formed that is associated with the position value from the pulse duty factor of the pulse-width modulation. The observer value is composed to a comparison value formed from the measured position value. The detected measured position value is not accepted if the deviation of the observer value from the comparison value exceeds a defined limit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for charging rechargeable batteries for use in a sterile field with powered surgical instruments. The method comprises the steps of placing the batteries in a sterilization/charging container, discharging the batteries to a predetermined level and then sterilizing, charging and storing them without removing them from the container until they are needed. The charged batteries may be removed directly into the sterile field.

Abstract: A method for producing a one-component sealing and coating compound with a polyurethane base. The method provides a simpler means of production as well as guarantees improved storage stability of the compounds produced, and comprises the following steps: agitating a mixture of poly components and one diisocyanate component to obtain an isocyanate prepolymer with a residual content of monomeric diisocyanate of >2 wt per ct; dispersing pigments and inorganic fillers in the mixture and adding a solvent whilst agitating, the residual content of monomeric diisocyanate reacting with the moisture provided by the fillers so as to obtain a H2O content of <0.01 wt per ct in the reaction mixture; adding a H2O— reactive latent hardener and optionally, at least one catalyst, and airtight packing of the resulting sealing and coating compound.

Abstract: In a method and an arrangement for determining the high-frequency behavior of active circuit elements in circuits arranged on a wafer, in which, substitutionally for the active circuit elements in the circuits, active circuit elements are utilized in process control modules which are also arranged on the wafer, the oscillation frequency of ring oscillators comprised in the process control modules and constituted by active circuit elements is measured and evaluated.

Abstract: A flexible monolithic integrated circuit which is essentially formed from flexible circuit elements, connecting elements between the flexible circuit elements, and a flexible coating which comprises at least one layer of a coating material comprising a polymer, is suitable as a small and convenient integrated circuit for electronic devices on flexible data carriers for the logistic tracking of objects and persons.

Abstract: Pyrroles of the formula (I) are prepared by dehydrogenating pyrrolidines of the formula (II) where R1 and R2, independently of one another, are hydrogen or an aliphatic radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or pyridines of the formula (III) are prepared by dehydrogenating piperidines of the formula (IV) where R3, R4 and R5, independently of one another, are hydrogen or an aliphatic radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in the presence of a supported noble metal catalyst, by a process in which the dehydrogenation is carried out in the presence of from 1 to 50% by weight, based on the pyrrolidine or piperidine and water, of water.

Abstract: A gas generating system for a fuel cell system as well as to a method of operating same. In order to provide hydrogen-containing combustible gas as rapidly as possible and to reduce the exhaust gas emissions, for the start of the operation of the gas generating system, at least one catalytic burner is started and the generated heat is used for evaporating a combustion agent and/or water and for the heating-up of an additionally connected partial reforming unit or partial oxidation stage in order to generate a hydrogen-containing gas for the fuel cell unit by reforming or partial oxidation.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell unit with an anode-side feeding and removal pipe for feeding and removing a hydrogen-containing medium to and from the fuel cell unit and a cathode-side feeding and removal pipe for feeding and removing an oxygen-containing medium to and from the fuel cell unit. The fuel cell system also includes a combustible-agent tank for storing a combustible agent from which hydrogen is obtained for supplying the fuel cell unit in a gas generating system. At least one adsorbing device is provided for adsorbing combustible-agent vapors exhaled from the combustible-agent tank. An input side of the at least one adsorbing device is connected with the combustible-agent tank and an output side of the at least one adsorbing device is connected at least temporarily with the cathode-side feeding pipe of the fuel cell unit and/or upstream of a catalytically active component in the gas generating system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control method for the electrical actuator of a variable valve train, the actuator being embodied in the form of a worm gear pair, in which a sensor detects a position value (measured position value) of an eccentric shaft, a control difference is generated in a feedback branch with the use of the measured position value, and the electrical actuator is actuated. To suppress interferences in the control system, an observer value is formed that is associated with the position value from the pulse duty factor of the pulse-width modulation. The observer value is composed to a comparison value formed from the measured position value. The detected measured position value is not accepted if the deviation of the observer value from the comparison value exceeds a defined limit.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for producing a hydrogenous gas stream for a fuel cell system, the share of CO contained in the gas stream, is reduced by providing one or more selective oxidation stages which preferably are thermally coupled to a reformer for the reforming of hydrocarbons, or to a heat exchanger. In order to supply the fuel cell system, as quickly as possible, with a hydrogenous gas stream having a low share of CO, so that it can be placed in operation at the temperature of the surrounding environment, one or more additional, thermally decoupled, selective oxidation stages is series-connected to the existing selective oxidation stages at the beginning or end of the series, or at intermediate points.

Abstract: The process comprises reacting 2-, 3- or 4-pentenenitrile or mixtures thereof with carbon monoxide and a hydroxyl compound in the presence of a catalyst system comprising (i) a palladium(II) compound, (ii) a bidentate diphosphine ligand and (iii) an anion source. Novel catalyst systems containing diphosphine ligands of the bis(phosphinomethyl)amine type are also described.

Abstract: A process for making a polyolefin composition having improved adhesive and/or coating compatibility involving: (a) providing a polyolefin; (b) providing from 0.01 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the polyolefin, of a migratable amphiphile; (c) providing from 0.01 to 1000 ppm, based on the weight of the polyolefin, of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tin, and mixtures thereof; and (d) combining (a)-(c) to form the polyolefin composition.