Abstract: A liquid crystal light modulating element is disclosed having both spacers that control the size of the gap between substrates as well as resin bodies located between the substrates which support the substrates. The resin bodies are arranged in specific patterns, relative to the pixels which are arrayed in a matrix arrangement, such that the substrates are supported while the location and density of the resin bodies are not visually objectionable. Both the liquid crystal light modulating element, as well as techniques for the construction thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal reflective display comprising cholesteric liquid crystal capable of selectively reflecting spectral rays of a specific wavelength in a visible range; and a carrier carrying said cholesteric liquid crystal, wherein at least one of said cholesteric liquid crystal and said carrier contains a coloring agent absorbing spectral rays in a wavelength range different from the selective reflection wavelength of said cholesteric liquid crystal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal light modulating element comprising a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal modulating layer interposed between the substrates. The liquid crystal modulating layer mainly comprises (1) a liquid crystal material for light modulation, (2) a plurality of spacers for maintaining a gap between the substrates, and (3) a plurality of resin structural nodules for supporting and adhering said pair of substrates. The resin structural nodules are arranged within a light modulating region based on a predetermined principle or a predetermined pattern.

Abstract: Method of manufacturing liquid crystal display element includes disposing adhesive on at least one of first and second substrates; disposing spacer particles on at least one substrate; supplying liquid crystal material onto at least one substrate; and fixing the substrates together with adhesive spacer particles and liquid crystal material therebetween. The substrates are fixed together by applying pressure and/or heat to the substrates from an end portion toward the other end portion thereof. An impulse applied to each spacer particle can be between 0.001 gf·sec and 0.1 gf·sec in substrate fixing step. Parameter X relating to heating in fixing step can satisfy 200≦X≦3000, where X=(T−20)/(V·D), T is temperature (°C), V is fixing speed (mm/sec) of substrates, and D is diameter of spacer particles (mm). The spacer particles can occupy an area ratio of 0.003 or more to unit area of the substrate.

Abstract: There is described a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device which ensures formation of a step in an alignment mark, to thereby improve the accuracy of alignment. A tungsten layer is formed on an interlayer dielectric film including an opening for use in forming an alignment mark. The tungsten layer is abraded by means of the CMP technique. At this time, the initial thickness of the interlayer dielectric film is made greater than the total sum of the minimum step identifiable for alignment and the amount of abrasion, thus ensuring formation of an alignment step. Further, a gate electrode is removed from the position where a contact alignment mark is formed. Alternatively, an aluminum electrode is removed from a position immediately below a through hole alignment mark.

Abstract: The semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate and, in an element isolating region in the semiconductor substrate, a first active area A/A dummy pattern and a second A/A dummy pattern having a pitch smaller than that of the first A/A dummy pattern. Placement of the first A/A dummy pattern and placement of the second A/A dummy pattern are carried out in separate steps. The semiconductor substrate may be divided into a plurality of mesh regions, and a dummy pattern may be placed in each mesh region according to an area of the mesh region being occupied by an element pattern located therein.

Abstract: (1) A liquid crystal display element including a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal contained between a pair of substrates and exhibiting a cholesteric phase, wherein an orientation film is arranged on at least one of the paired substrates, and is in contact with the liquid crystal layer, and liquid crystal molecular orientation processing for portions of each orientation film corresponding to pixel regions are effected in a manner different from that effected on at least a portion of a portion corresponding to non-pixel region of the orientation film on at least one of the substrates.

Abstract: There is described a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device which ensures formation of a step in an alignment mark, to thereby improve the accuracy of alignment. A tungsten layer is formed on an interlayer dielectric film including an opening for use in forming an alignment mark. The tungsten layer is abraded by means of the CMP technique. At this time, the initial thickness of the interlayer dielectric film is made greater than the total sum of the minimum step identifiable for alignment and the amount of abrasion, thus ensuring formation of an alignment step. Further, a gate electrode is removed from the position where a contact alignment mark is formed. Alternatively, an aluminum electrode is removed from a position immediately below a through hole alignment mark.

Abstract: A method of producing a multilayer LC display element including a plurality of LC display cells stacked together and each filled with an LC material, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a multilayer empty cell structure by stacking a plurality of empty cells each having a pair of substrates opposed together and having a peripheral portion sealed except for at least one LC material inlet opened externally; and (b) supplying the LC material by vacuum supply through the LC material inlet into each of the empty cells forming the multilayer empty cell structure, wherein said empty cells formed in the step (a) are provided at circumferentially different positions with the liquid crystal material inlets, respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a plurality of LC display elements, each of the LC display elements including a first substrate, a second substrate and a seal wall, the seal wall being arranged between the first and second substrates, being adhered to both of the first and second substrates and being provided for sealing an LC.

Abstract: A display apparatus of the present invention has a display element which emits no light therefrom, and an electroluminescent element provided on a viewer side of the display element for a direct illumination of the display element.

Abstract: A first panel element and a second panel element, each having at least one display layer, are positioned and opposed to each other. The elements are progressively adhered from a staring position with an adhesive material supplied beforehand. Examples of the adhesive material include those which are in a liquid state before curing (such as photo-curing adhesive materials), and also include adhesive sheets. The adhesive material having fluidity can be spread between the two panel elements in the adhering step.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises a pair of substrates; and a composite layer disposed between the pair of substrates, the composite layer including a resin phase and a liquid crystal phase of a liquid crystal material exhibiting cholesteric characteristic, the composite layer having an area defining one pixel, and the area including a plurality of regions being different from each other in condition of the resin phase. A method of producing a liquid crystal device comprises the steps of defining an area corresponding to one pixel; and forming a plurality of regions of composite layer in the area, the composite layer including a resin phase and a liquid crystal phase of a liquid crystal material exhibiting cholesteric characteristic, and each of the regions being different from the others in condition of the resin phase.

Abstract: A method of making a liquid crystal device having a plurality of cells of liquid crystal material, includes the steps of: (a) preparing a first base having a first surface; (b) providing a first phase of a material and a plurality of second phases of at least one liquid crystal material on the first surface, said second phases being spatially dispersed in a first prescribed pattern; (c providing a second base having a second surface, the second surface being substantially in contact with the first and second phases; and (d) solidifying the material of the first phase. The liquid crystal cells are formed of the dispersed liquid crystal materials. The plurality of second phases may include at least a group of liquid crystal materials which exhibits a cholesteric characteristic having a selective reflection wavelength in the visible range and a group of liquid crystal materials which exhibits a cholesteric characteristic having a different selective reflection wavelength in the visible range.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing multi-layer display panel provided with a plurality of panel elements layered together, including: a step of forming each of the panel elements using first and substrates each having an electrode; a step of adhering the panel elements; and a step of connecting the electrode on the substrate to a driver element. The multi-layer display panel is manufactured such that the substrate of the each panel element is provided with an overlap portion and a connection portion used for connecting the electrode on the substrate to the driver element. In the adhering step, the panel elements are adhered together while handling at least one of the panel elements to be adhered together as a base panel element, and handling at least one of the panel elements to be adhered together as an additional-adhered panel element.

Abstract: (1) A liquid crystal device comprises a pair of substrates; and a composite layer disposed between the pair of substrates, the composite layer including a resin phase and a liquid crystal phase of a liquid crystal material exhibiting cholesteric characteristic, the composite layer having an area defining one pixel, and the area including a plurality of regions being different from each other in condition of the resin phase. (2) A method of producing a liquid crystal device comprises the steps of defining an area corresponding to one pixel; and forming a plurality of regions of composite layer in the area, the composite layer including a resin phase and a liquid crystal phase of a liquid crystal material exhibiting cholesteric characteristic, and each of the regions being different from the others in condition of the resin phase.

Abstract: A silicon semiconductor substrate has a plurality of active regions having an impurity region and an isolating region which electrically isolates these active regions from each other. The isolating region is formed of a silicon nitride film. A contact hole penetrates an interlayer insulating film and reaches an impurity region. In this semiconductor device, when the contact hole falls across the impurity region and the isolating region, an amount of erosion in the isolating region is reduced.

Abstract: A liquid crystal reflective display comprising cholesteric liquid crystal capable of selectively reflecting spectral rays of a specific wavelength in a visible range; and a carrier carrying said cholesteric liquid crystal, wherein at least one of said cholesteric liquid crystal and said carrier contains a coloring agent absorbing spectral rays in a wavelength range different from the selective reflection wavelength of said cholesteric liquid crystal.

Abstract: A multi-layer display panel having first, second and third panel elements layered together. Each of the panel elements has first and second substrates opposed to each other. The first, second and third panel elements are overlaid together to locate the first substrate of the first panel element, the second substrate of the first panel element, the second substrate of the second panel element, the first substrate of the second panel element, the first substrate of the third panel element and the second substrate of the third panel element in this order.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel is manufactured through several steps. First and second substrates are positioned on first and second stages and then preheated to a certain temperature. A liquid crystal is applied on one end portion of first or second substrates. Then, the first and second substrate are opposed and superimposed at one end portions via the liquid crystal. A press member presses the one end portion while the first stage is moved relative to the press member, so that the press member presses incremental portions of the substrates to make an initial bonding thereof At this moment, the liquid material is extended toward the opposite end portions of the substrates. The bonded substrates are again pressed and heated while the first stage moves relative to the heat member. This causes the incremental portions to be heated and thereby bonded permanently.