Abstract: An integrated circuit comprising a memory cell array capable of simultaneously performing data read and write operations is provided. The integrated circuit to which inputs and outputs (IOs) are separately provided and to which a write address and a read address are simultaneously input during one period of a clock signal comprises a plurality of memory blocks, the memory blocks comprising a plurality of sub-memory blocks, a plurality of data memory blocks corresponding to the memory blocks, and a tag memory controlling unit, which writes data to the memory blocks or reads data from the memory blocks in response to the write address or the read address, wherein access to the same sub-memory block is not simultaneously performed when the write address and the read address are the same.

Abstract: A mask for use in measuring flare produced by a projection lens of a photolithography system, a method of manufacturing the mask, a method of identifying a flare-affected region on a wafer, and a method for correcting for the flare to produce photoresist patterns of desired line widths are provided. A first photolithographic process is performed to form photoresist patterns on a test wafer using a mask including a light shielding region having a plurality of light transmission patterns and a light transmission region, and the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission patterns of the light shielding region are compared to the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission region. The amount of flare produced by the projection lens is quantified using the results of the comparison, and thus it is possible to identify a flare-affected region on the wafer.

Abstract: A method of controlling an integrated circuit (IC) capable of simultaneously performing a data read operation and a data write operation is provided. The method comprises (a) receiving a write address, a read address, and write data, (b) determining, a memory block and a data memory block in which a data read operation and a data write operation are to be performed in response to the write address and the read address, (c) performing the data read operation or the data write operation in the data memory block according to the determination of step (b), and (d) performing the data read operation or the data write operation in the memory block according to the determination of step (b).

Abstract: A driving apparatus and method of an LCD device improves the brightness and the contrast ratio of an image. The driving apparatus includes an LCD panel for displaying an image corresponding to a data signal. A data driver supplies the data signal to the LCD panel. A gate driver supplies a scan signal to the LCD panel. A picture quality improving unit generates a histogram by dividing brightness components of input data into levels, generates data with an extended contrast ratio, and then generates a brightness control signal according to the average value of the histogram. A timing controller supplies reordered data, and controls the data driver and the gate driver. A backlight provides light to the LCD panel. An inverter drives the backlight based on the brightness control signal.

Abstract: A method of driving a liquid crystal display includes arranging an externally provided first data into a histogram for each frame, producing a second data having an expanded contrast using the histogram, determining a control value by extracting a peak value at a position where brightness components are concentrated in a distribution, and controlling a brightness of a back light in accordance with a gray level of the control value.

Abstract: A driving method and apparatus for a liquid crystal display for minimizing motion blur in a moving picture as well as displaying a fresh and dynamic image is disclosed. In the driving method, data inputted from the exterior are converted into brightness components to produce a histogram for each frame. A control value is extracted from various characteristics of the histogram. Turn-on times of a plurality of lamps positioned in such a manner to overlap with a liquid crystal display panel are controlled in correspondence with the control value.

Abstract: A method of driving a liquid crystal display device includes extracting brightness components of a portion of the first data for a current frame, arranging the brightness components for the current frame into a brightness histogram, retrieving brightness histograms for at least two frames prior to the current frame to generate an average histogram, generating second data for the current frame based on the average histogram, comparing the histogram for the current frame with the average histogram to determine whether an image at the current frame is a moving image or a still image, and driving the liquid crystal display device in accordance with one of the first data and the second data based on the comparison result.

Abstract: A driving method and apparatus for a liquid crystal display stabilizing variations in the brightness of a back light dependent upon brightness components extracted from data to be displayed are disclosed. In the method, the brightness components of each frame are arranged into a histogram, which is divided into a plurality of brightness areas. The most-frequent value of the brightness components or the average value of the brightness components is extracted. The brightness of a back light is controlled to correspond to the brightness areas to which the extracted most-frequent value or the average value belongs. One or more particular areas within the brightness areas are selected such that if the extracted most-frequent value or the average value belongs to the particular areas, the brightness of the back light may not be changed in successive frames.

Abstract: A driving method and apparatus for a liquid crystal display is provided in which a contrast ratio of data to be displayed can be expanded and the brightness of a back light can be changed using an accumulated result of a plurality of frames. In the driving method, data to be displayed is converted into brightness components and arranged into a histogram for each frame. Second data having an expanded contrast is generated using the histograms of at least two frames, including the histogram of the current frame. Averages of the histograms are calculated and used to control the brightness of the back light. The averages may be weighted such that frames closer to the current frame have a larger effect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising a Moutan root bark extract as an active ingredient, and particularly to a composition for the prevention and treatment of athlete's foot, osmidrosis, or acne; a composition for oral cleansing; a bactericidal/disinfectant composition; a composition for eliminating dandruff-causing pathogens and controlling odor, and a functional kitchen detergent composition. The compositions comprising the Moutan root bark extract as an active ingredient of the present invention have superior bactericidal effects against bacteria including athlete's foot-causing pathogens, skin eczema-causing pathogens and skin flora, and fungi, and they can be easily and simply applied to medicines, cosmetics, or cleansing agents.

Abstract: A mask for use in measuring flare produced by a projection lens of a photolithography system, a method of manufacturing the mask, a method of identifying a flare-affected region on a wafer, and a method for correcting for the flare to produce photoresist patterns of desired line widths are provided. A first photolithographic process is performed to form photoresist patterns on a test wafer using a mask including a light shielding region having a plurality of light transmission patterns and a light transmission region, and the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission patterns of the light shielding region are compared to the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission region. The amount of flare produced by the projection lens is quantified using the results of the comparison, and thus it is possible to identify a flare-affected region on the wafer.

Abstract: A photomask that is capable of implementing off-axis illumination (OAI), and a method of fabricating the same, are provided. The photomask includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of opaque patterns formed on the front surface of the transparent substrate, for defining a floodlighting portion for forming patterns, and a plurality of phase gratings formed on the back surface of the transparent substrate, allowing off-axis illumination (OAI) of an incident light source beyond the OAI limit of exposure equipment, allowing use in the outmost region of an aperture, and allowing modified illumination having a shape suitable for the layout of the opaque patterns.

Abstract: A mask for use in measuring flare produced by a projection lens of a photolithography system, a method of manufacturing the mask, a method of identifying a flare-affected region on a wafer, and a method for correcting for the flare to produce photoresist patterns of desired line widths are provided. A first photolithographic process is performed to form photoresist patterns on a test wafer using a mask including a light shielding region having a plurality of light transmission patterns and a light transmission region, and the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission patterns of the light shielding region are compared to the photoresist patterns formed by light passing through the light transmission region. The amount of flare produced by the projection lens is quantified using the results of the comparison, and thus it is possible to identify a flare-affected region on the wafer.

Abstract: An integrated circuit and a method of reading and writing data at the same time are provided. The integrated circuit has separate input and output ports and a write address and a read address are input during a period of a clock signal. The circuit includes memory blocks that respectively include a plurality of sub memory blocks, cache memory blocks that respectively correspond to the memory blocks, and a tag memory control unit. The tag memory control unit controls reading data from and writing data to the memory blocks and the cache memory blocks in response to the write address or the read address. In particular, reads of the data from or writes of the data to the memory block and the cache memory block at the same time are performed if an upper address of the read address and an upper address of the write address are identical to each other.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device which a pad for receiving a power voltage, a first power line connected to the pad, and a plurality of second power lines respectively connected to memory cells of a repair unit. A selection circuit outputs selection signals for selecting the memory cells of the array in the repair unit in response to a row address in a test operation mode. A power switch circuit operates in response to the selection signals, and connects the second power line connected to the selected memory cells with the first power line in the test operation mode. The power switch circuit disconnects the remaining second power lines from the first power line.

Abstract: A method of controlling an integrated circuit (IC) capable of simultaneously performing a data read operation and a data write operation is provided. The method comprises (a) receiving a write address, a read address, and write data, (b) determining, a memory block and a data memory block in which a data read operation and a data write operation are to be performed in response to the write address and the read address, (c) performing the data read operation or the data write operation in the data memory block according to the determination of step (b), and (d) performing the data read operation or the data write operation in the memory block according to the determination of step (b).