Abstract: A simulation method and a simulation apparatus suppress a parabolic increase in depth angle calculation time to a linear increase at most with respect to an increase in the number of depth angle calculation points on a surface string that represents a processing surface to be simulated. The simulation method and apparatus are applicable to a deposition process that deposits metal such as aluminum on a semiconductor substrate in a vacuum with the use of physical adsorption. The simulation method and apparatus are effective, in particular, to quickly calculate depth angles on a two-dimensional shape to a processing surface to which the deposition process is applied. The depth angles are angles in which particles fly toward the processing surface during the deposition process. The simulation method and apparatus trace a surface string representing the processing surface from the origin to the terminal thereof and find depth angles at all points on the surface string.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrostatic latent image-developing toner produced by a wet granulation method, containing at least a binder resin and a colorant, and having a volume-area mean particle size (D) of 1 to 10 &mgr;m, a shape coefficient (S) of 103 to 130, and a constant (A) of 0.

Abstract: A present invention relates to a method for producing a toner for developing electrostatic latent images comprising the steps of preparing a coloring resin solution containing a binder resin, a colorant and a non-aqueous organic solvent, forming an oil-in-water type emulsion by adding the coloring resin solution to an aqueous medium under reduced pressure of 5.0.times.10.sup.4 to 1.0.times.10.sup.-2 Pa and removing the non-aqueous organic solvent from the oil-in-water type emulsion.

Abstract: A simulation method and a simulator determine a profile of particles, by determining whether or not each reaction formula, which describes a reaction of particles to generate reactants in semiconductor solids or gases, is in equilibrium, determining unknown variables excluding variables related to the reactants of each equilibrium reaction, forming continuity equations containing a plurality of time differential terms as functions of the unknown variables, linearizing and discretizing the time differential terms into the coefficient matrix and constant vector of simultaneous linear equations, and solving the simultaneous linear equations.

Abstract: The present invention provides a carrier comprising:a magnetic core; anda specified coating layer formed onto the surface of the core, said layer comprising a copolymer of a specified organopolysiloxysane with a radical monomer, which may be cured by a curing agent, being excellent in resistance to spent phenomenon, environmental resistance and durability.

Abstract: A toner for electrostatic latent image developing comprises a binder resin and a coloring agent. The binder resin is preferably a polyester resin having specified properties. The coloring agent is preferably a C. I. Pigment Blue 15-3, C. I. Pigment Red 122 or C. I. Pigment Yellow 17. The toner is prepared by emulsion dispersion of a colored resin solution, including the binder resin and the coloring agent in a non-water soluble organic solvent, in an aqueous dispersion. Subsequently, the non-water soluble organic solvent and the aqueous dispersion are removed to produce fine toner particles, which are washed, dried and sorted to produce the toner.

Abstract: A resin-formed toner for developing electrostatic latent images manufactured by a wet process, wherein 10 parts by weight of said toner is added to 100 parts by weight of deionized water to produce a solution having electrical conductance of 1.about.100 .mu.S/sec. And a resin-formed toner for developing electrostatic latent images which is manufactured by wet process using a water-insoluble inorganic salt comprising calcium as a dispersion stabilizing agent, wherein the amount of calcium present in the toner is 0.2.about.10 ppm.

Abstract: A toner for electrostatic latent image developing containing at least a binder resin, a coloring agent and a charge controller that are dissolved or dispersed in a non-water soluble organic solvent to form an emulsion dispersion of a colored resin solution in aqueous dispersion. The toner of the present invention is produced by forming the emulsion dispersion of a colored resin solution in aqueous dispersion followed by removal of the non-water soluble organic solvent and water to obtain a toner having a residual organic solvent content of about 5 to about 100 ppm and a residual moisture content of about 0.05 to about 1.0 percent-by-weight of total toner weight.

Abstract: A small-sized electronic instrument such as an electronic wrist watch and others in which a plurality of parts are stacked and firmly held together by tightening a screw. The electronic instrument includes a base plate and a screw housing portion, which are integrally molded of a hard plastic material. The screw housing portion includes a bore formed therethrough and adapted to receive a self-tapping screw. When the self-tapping screw is threadingly received in the bore of the screw housing portion, a plurality of parts stacked around the screw housing portion are firmly tightened and held together. The screw housing portion has a shoulder including a step formed therein at the middle portion between the opposite ends. On assembly, the step engages one of the stacked parts. Even if the screw housing portion is pulled upwardly by the tightened self-tapping screw, the part sandwiched between the self-tapping screw and the step limits the upward movement of the screw housing portion on tapping.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toner for developing electrostatic latent images, comprising titanium oxide or aluminum oxide having two peak values within the range between 10 and 20 m.mu.m and between 30 and 60 m.mu.m in primary particle size.

Abstract: This invention relates to a developing method for electrostatic latent images for developing the electrostatic latent images retained on an electrostatic latent image retaining member, comprisinga step of supplying a specified developer;a step of transferring the developer to a developing area; anda step of developing the electrostatic latent images formed on the electrostatic latent image retaining member in the development area under a specified development bias voltage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photosensitive member comprising a carrier transporting layer of hydrogen-containing carbon, which is excellent in a charge transporting property, a chargeability, a rigidity and resistances to corona, acid, moisture and heat as well as an adhesive property of a charge transporting layer with a charge generating layer and a substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photosensitive member having an a-C layer as a charge transporting layer, which a-C layer is specified in the ratio of the number of saturated carbon bonding with hydrogen to the number of saturated carbon not bonding with hydrogen or in the ratio of the number of unsaturated carbon bonding with hydrogen to the number of unsaturated carbon not bonding with hydrogen; the photosensitive member has an excellent charge transportability as well as a chargeability.

Abstract: This invention provides white toners for use in forming images by dry process comprising titanium dioxide with 0.20-0.35 .mu.m in mean particle size.White toners of the invention are excellent in hiding properties and have no problem about toner flying, fogs and so on.

Abstract: The practice of this invention provides a photosensitive member which comprises a charge transporting layer and a charge generating layer, said charge transporting layer comprising amorphous carbon containing hydrogen, said amorphous carbon comprising hydrogen bonded carbon N.sub.1, and carbon N.sub.2 free from linking with hydrogen, the ratio of the amount of N.sub.1 to that of N.sub.2 being 1:0.1 to 1:1, and said hydrogen being contained in an amount of 20 to 67 atomic %;or said amorphous carbon comprising unsaturated carbon N.sub.3 linked with hydrogen and saturated carbon N.sub.4 linked with hydrogen, the ratio of the amount of N.sub.3 to that of N.sub.4 being 1:1 to 1:16, said hydrogen being contained in an amount of 20 to 67 atomic %;or said amorphous carbon comprising unsaturated compound N.sub.5 free from linking with hydrogen and saturated carbon N.sub.6 free from linking with hydrogen, the ratio of the amount of N.sub.5 to that of N.sub.5 being 1:20 to 1:0.

Abstract: The practice of this invention provides a photosensitive member which comprises a charge transporting layer and a charge generating layer, said charge transporting layer essentially consists of a plasma-polymerized layer of amorphous material comprising methyl group and methylene group in the ratio of the number of the former to the number of the latter being 0.5:1 to 3:1. The photosensitive member obtained thereby is excellent in charge-transporting property and chargeability and, moreover, exhibits advantages corona resistance and resistances to acids, moisture and heat and also in physical properties such as stiffness.

Abstract: The practice of this invention provides a photosensitve member which comprises a charge transporting layer and a charge generating layer, said charge transporting layer essentially consisting of plasma-polymerized layer of amorphous material having carbon atoms constituting methyl group in a ratio of 20 to 60% against all the carbon atoms therein. The photosensitve member obtained thereby is excellent in charge-transporting property and chargeability and, moreover, exhibits advantages in corona resistance and resistances to acids, moisture and heat and also in physical properties such as stiffness.

Abstract: The practice of this invention provides a photosensitive member which comprises a charge generating layer, and a plasma-polymerized layer, wherein said plasma-polymerized layer having an infrared absorption spectrum of a ratio of coefficients of absorptivities attributed to methyl group (--CH.sub.3) to those of methylene group (--CH.sub.2 --), and is a coefficient of absorptivity attributed to methylene group (--CH.sub.2 --) at about 2925 cm.sup.-1. The photosensitive member obtained thereby is excellent in charge-transporting property and chargeability and, moreover, exhibits advantages in corona resistance and resistances to acids, moisture and heat and also in physical properties such as stiffness.

Abstract: A photosensitive member of the present invention comprises an electrically conductive substrate, a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer comprising amorphous carbon which contains hydrogen.The charge transporting layer contains about 0.1 to about 25 atomic % of halogen based on all the constituent atoms therein, and in addition to halogen, oxygen and/or nitrogen may be contained in the charge transporting layer.The photosensitive member of this construction is excellent in electrophotographic characteristics inclusive of charge tranportability and charging ability.

Abstract: A photosensitive member of the present invention comprises an electrically conductive substrate, a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer comprising amorphous carbon which contains a chain hydrocarbon and a cyclic hydrocarbon.The charge transporting layer is formed by using a chain hydrocarbon and a cyclic hydrocarbon such that the flow rate ratio of the former to the latter is preferably 19:1-1:19.The photosensitive member of this construction is excellent in electrophotographic characteristics inclusive of charge transportability and charging ability.