Abstract: The present invention relates to a toner for developing a static latent image, wherein a smell of the toner has a cos &thgr; of from 0.990 to 0.998 as to the smell of styrene and a cos &thgr; of from 0.986 to 0.994 as to the smell of n-butyl acrylate in the smell space formed by styrene and n-butyl acrylate, and a toner for developing a static latent image, wherein a smell of the toner has a cos &thgr; of from 0.990 to 0.998 as to the smell of styrene and a cos &thgr; of from 0.991 to 0.999 as to the smell of mercaptocarboxylic acid ester in the smell space formed by styrene and mercaptocarboxylic acid ester.

Abstract: A board 20 is provided with a Cu film 30 as a conformal mask, in which are formed a register mark 30b and an opening 3a through which a via hole is formed. A camera senses this register mark 30b so that the position of the board 30 is determined. A laser beam is directed to the approximate position of the opening 30a, so that the opening 26a through which the via hole is drilled is formed. The accuracy of the position of the opening of the via hole depends on the accuracy of the position of the opening 30a in the Cu film 30 as the conformal mask. Therefore, the via hole can be formed at an adequate position despite the low accuracy of the position for laser irradiation.

Abstract: An electrostatic image developing toner comprising a resin and a colorant is disclosed. The resin comprises a polymerization component of a polymerizable monomer having a polar group in an amount of 1.0 to 10.0 percent by weight, and a polymerization component of a polyfunctional polymerizable monomer in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0 percent by weight; ratio (A/B) is from 0.5 to 20.0 percent; and either a peak or a shoulder is positioned in the molecular weight region of 5,000 to 20,000, wherein A is an area of a chromatograph curve in the molecular weight region of 60,000 to 1,000,000, based on GCP measurement of a THF soluble component of toner and B is an entire area of the chromatograph curve.

Abstract: Mesh holes 35a and 59a of upper solid layers 35 and upper solid layers 59 are formed to overlie on one another, so that the insulating properties of interlayer resin insulating layers 50 are not lowered. Here, the diameter of each mesh hole is preferably 75 to 300 &mgr;m. The reason is as follows. If the diameter of the mesh hole is less than 75 &mgr;m, it is difficult to overlay the upper and lower mesh holes on one another. If the diameter exceeds 300 &mgr;m, the insulating properties of the interlayer resin insulating layers deteriorate. In addition, the distance between the mesh holes is preferably 100 to 2000 &mgr;m. The reason is as follows. If the distance is less than 100 &mgr;m, the solid layer cannot function. If the distance exceeds 2000 &mgr;m, the deterioration of the insulating properties of the interlayer resin insulating film occurs.

Abstract: A board 20 is provided with a Cu film 30 as a conformal mask, in which are formed a register mark 30b and an opening 3a through which a via hole is formed. A camera senses this register mark 30b so that the position of the board 30 is determined. A laser beam is directed to the approximate position of the opening 30a, so that the opening 26a through which the via hole is drilled is formed. The accuracy of the position of the opening of the via hole depends on the accuracy of the position of the opening 30a in the Cu film 30 as the conformal mask. Therefore, the via hole can be formed at an adequate position despite the low accuracy of the position for laser irradiation.

Abstract: An opening is formed in resin by a laser beam so that a via hole is formed. Copper foil, the thickness of which is reduced to 3 &mgr;m by etching to lower the thermal conductivity, is used as a conformal mask. Therefore, an opening is formed in the resin and the number of irradiation of pulse-shape laser beam is reduced. Thus, occurence of undercut of the resin, which forms an interlayer insulating resin layer, can be prevented and the reliability of the connection of the via holes can be improved.

Abstract: A toner for forming an electrophotographic image is disclosed. The toner particle contains at least two inorganic salts including an inorganic salt comprising a positive ion having a first valence and an inorganic salt comprising a positive ion having a second valence different from the first valence, a total amount of the inorganic salt having the first valence is greatest among the inorganic salts in the toner particle, and a total amount of the inorganic salt having the second valence is second greatest among the inorganic salts in the toner particle.

Abstract: Mesh holes 35a and 59a of upper solid layers 35 and upper solid layers 59 are formed to overlie on one another, so that the insulating properties of interlayer resin insulating layers 50 are not lowered. Here, the diameter of each mesh hole is preferably 75 to 300 &mgr;m. The reason is as follows. If the diameter of the mesh hole is less than 75 &mgr;m, it is difficult to overlay the upper and lower mesh holes on one another. If the diameter exceeds 300 &mgr;m, the insulating properties of the interlayer resin insulating layers deteriorate. In addition, the distance between the mesh holes is preferably 100 to 2000 &mgr;m. The reason is as follows. If the distance is less than 100 &mgr;m, the solid layer cannot function. If the distance exceeds 2000 &mgr;m, the deterioration of the insulating properties of the interlayer resin insulating film occurs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toner for developing a static latent image, wherein a smell of the toner has a cos&thgr; of from 0.990 to 0.998 as to the smell of styrene and a cos&thgr; of from 0.986 to 0.994 as to the smell of n-butyl acrylate in the smell space formed by styrene and n-butyl acrylate, and a toner for developing a static latent image, wherein a smell of the toner has a cos &thgr; of from 0.990 to 0.998 as to the smell of styrene and a cos &thgr; of from 0.991 to 0.999 as to the smell of mercaptocarboxylic acid ester in the smell space formed by styrene and mercaptocarboxylic acid ester.

Abstract: A filet F is added to a portion constituting a corner portion C equal to or smaller than 90° in a crossing portion X of wiring patterns 58b, 58c and 58d, and a wiring pattern 58 is formed. Since the filet F is added, the wiring patterns are not made thin and are not disconnected in the crossing portion X. Further, since there is no stress concentrated to the crossing portion X, disconnection is not caused in the wiring patterns and no air bubbles are left between the crossing portion X of the wiring patterns and an interlayer resin insulating layer so that reliability of a printed wiring board is improved.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is disclosed. The arithmetic average of shape coefficient SF-1 of the toner particles calculated by Equation 1 is from 125 to 170 and a ratio of that to an arithmetic average of the shape coefficient SF-2 of the toner particles calculated by Equation 2, SF-1/SF-2, is from 1.10 to 1.52 and the ratio of the toner particles having a circle corresponding diameter measured by a flow particle image analyzer of from not less than 0.60 to less than 1.00 &mgr;m is not more than 5.0% in number. The image forming methods employing the toner are also disclosed.

Abstract: A filet F is added to a portion constituting a corner portion C equal to or smaller than 90° in a crossing portion X of wiring patterns 58b, 58c and 58d, and a wiring pattern 58 is formed. Since the filet F is added, the wiring patterns are not made thin and are not disconnected in the crossing portion X. Further, since there is no stress concentrated to the crossing portion X, disconnection is not caused in the wiring patterns and no air bubbles are left between the crossing portion X of the wiring patterns and an interlayer resin insulating layer so that reliability of a printed wiring board is improved.

Abstract: An opening is formed in resin 20 by a laser beam so that a via hole is formed. At this time, copper foil 22, the thickness of which is reduced (to 3 &mgr;m) by performing etching to lower the thermal conductivity is used as a conformal mask. Therefore, an opening 20a can be formed in the resin 20 if the number of irradiation of pulse-shape laser beam is reduced. Therefore, occurrence of undercut of the resin 20 which forms an interlayer insulating resin layer can be prevented. Thus, the reliability of the connection of the via holes can be improved.

Abstract: A process for preparing a color toner for developing an electrostatic image comprising a step of polymerizing monomers to obtain resin particles, wherein the color toner comprises primary particles or secondary particles of resin particles, and a metal complex dye represented by the following formula (1) or formula (2), wherein, X1 and X3 each are a group of atoms bonding with each other which can form at least bidentate coordination bond with a metal ion; Y1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring or —L4═Y2; Y2 and Y3 each represent an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; L1 and L4 each represent a substituted or an unsubstituted methine group or a nitrogen atom; L2 and L3 each represent a substituted or an unsubstituted methine group; M represents a metal ion which can form at least a bidentate coordination bond with said group of atoms bonding with each other represented by X1 and X3; m represents an integer of

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is disclosed. The toner is composed of association of a plurality of fine polymer particles, and the total volume of pores having a diameter of not more than 0.1 .mu.m on the toner surfaces is not more than 30 percent of the total toner volume. An image forming method employing the same is also disclosed. A toner which does not result in an unstable charge amount over an extended period of use can be obtained.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image, the toner containing polymer particles having a carboxyl group on the surface thereof in the range of5.times.10.sup.-11 mol/cm.sup.2 .ltoreq.A.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-9 mol/cm.sup.2wherein A represents an amount of the carboxyl group obtained using a conductometric titration method.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image, said toner having a BET specific surface area of not less than 5m.sup.2 /g and a particle size distribution (2SD) of not more than 5 .mu.m.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electrophotographic photoreceptor which comprises a titanylphthalocyanine containing 0.2% by weight or less of chlorine in a crystal form with the X-ray diffraction spectrum to Cu--K.alpha. line having peaks at Bragg's angles 2.theta. of 9.5.degree..+-.0.2.degree., 24.1.degree..+-.0.2.degree. and 27.2.degree..+-.0.2.degree..

Abstract: An inverter apparatus having a compact design and a changeable heat sink. The apparatus includes a power module formed in a case having pairs of parallel sides and containing the respective main circuit semiconductor devices for converting an alternating current input into a direct current and then further into an alternating current of variable frequency. The heat sink also has pairs of parallel sides and interfaces with the case in a plane whereon the projections of the sink and the case are coextensive. The apparatus also has a body with pairs of parallel sides that fasten to the case and constitute part of the enclosure of the inverter apparatus. The body, case, heat sink and associated circuit elements have alignment structures that permit easy and reliable disassembly and assembly of the apparatus.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptors containing a bisstyryl compound represented by the following formula I is disclosed. ##STR1## R.sup.0 and/or R.sup.00 represent methyl group, and the rest of Rs represent hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 represent each an aromatic group.