Abstract: An object is to provide a latent electrostatic image bearing member that can provide high-quality images for prolonged periods, owing to photosensitive layers and crosslinked surface layers having excellent flaw and wear resistance and appropriate electric properties, image forming method, image forming apparatus and process cartridge that employ latent electrostatic image bearing member respectively. Accordingly, provided is a latent electrostatic image bearing member that comprises a support and at least a photosensitive layer and a crosslinked surface layer disposed on the support, wherein the crosslinked surface layer comprises a reactant from radical polymerizable compounds having three or more functionalities with no charge transport structure and radical polymerizable compounds having one functionality with charge transport structure, and at least two different antioxidants.

Abstract: A photoconductor is disclosed that exhibits superior wear resistance, excellent flaw resistance, and appropriate electric properties owing to a photosensitive layer having a crosslinked layer with superior smoothness and higher crosslink density, wherein the photoconductor comprises a support, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support, the photosensitive layer comprises a crosslinked layer, the crosslinked layer comprises a radical polymerizable monomer having three or more functionalities and no charge transport structure and a radical polymerizable compound having one functionality and a charge transport structure, and the crosslinked layer is cured by way of photopolymerization and thermal polymerization.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate, wherein an outermost layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is a crosslinked layer, including: a urethane oligomer having a radical polymerizing functional group; and a radical polymerizing compound having one functional group with a charge transporting structure, or a radical polymerizing oligomer having a polyester structure; a radical polymerizing compound having three or more functional groups without a charge transporting structure; and a radical polymerizing compound having one functional group with a charge transport structure, and wherein the outermost layer has an elasticity power not less than 41%.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate, a photoconductive layer arranged over the electroconductive layer with or without the interposition of an undercoat layer, and a surface top layer containing a crosslinkable resin arranged over the photoconductive layer, the photoconductive layer includes a charge generation layer containing a charge generating material, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, in which the surface top layer is substantially free from hydroxyl groups and residual uncured portions.

Abstract: An image forming method, includes: forming a latent electrostatic image on a latent electrostatic image carrier; developing the latent electrostatic image with a toner to thereby form a visible image; transferring the visible image to a recording medium; and fixing the image transferred to the recording medium. The latent electrostatic image carrier includes: a support, a photoconductive layer on the support, and a surface protective layer on the support. The surface protective layer includes a reactant made by cross-linking the following: an electric charge transporting material which comprises a reactive functional group, a cross-linking resin, and a fluorine surfactant. The toner comprises an inorganic fine particle which defines an effective inorganic fine particle amount in a range of 0.8% by mass to 3.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor having at least a photoconductive layer on an electrically conductive support, in which a surface layer of the photoconductive layer can be obtained by curing at least a free-radical-polymerizable monomer having no electron transporting structure, represented by general formula (A) and a one-functional free-radical-polymerizable compound having an electron transporting structure, wherein R71, R72, R73, R74, R75, and R76 are described in the specification.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including an electrophotographic photoreceptor including: an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate, and a protective layer overlying the photosensitive layer and serving as an outermost layer, wherein the protective layer has an average abraded thickness not greater than 1 ?m after the electrophotographic image forming apparatus produces 100,000 images; a charger charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an irradiator irradiating the electrophotographic photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image thereon; an image developer developing the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a toner image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a transferer transferring the toner image onto a transfer sheet; and a cleaner cleaning a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the cleaner comprises a cleaning brush impregnated with a resin.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer formed by using a halogen-free solvent, arranged in this order, in which the charge generation layer contains a charge generation material having an average particle diameter smaller than a surface roughness of a plane where the electroconductive substrate is arranged, and a polyvinyl acetal resin having a ratio Mw/Mn of a weight-average molecular weight Mw to a number-average molecular weight Mn is 2.2 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising:

Abstract: The present invention relates to the electrophotographic apparatus wherein the photoconductor takes 200 msec or less to reach from the light irradiator to the developer, an exposure energy upon irradiation of a write light having a resolution of 600 dpi or greater from the light irradiator to the photoconductor is 5 erg/cm2 or less on the surface thereof, the photoconductor is obtained by stacking a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order on a conductive support, and the charge generation layer contains titanyl phthalocyanine crystals having, as a diffraction peak (±0.2°) of Bragg angle 2&thgr; relative to CuK&agr; ray (wavelength: 1.542 angstrom), a maximum diffraction peak at least at 27.2°, main peaks at 9.4°, 9.6° and 24.0°, and a peak at 7.3° as a diffraction peak on the lowest angle side, and not having a peak within a range of 7.4 to 9.3°.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a charge generation layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate optionally with an intermediate layer therebetween; and a charge transport layer formed overlying the charge generation layer using a non-halogenated solvent and including a charge transport material and a resin, wherein the charge generation layer includes a polyvinyl acetal resin and a charge generation material having an average particle diameter less than a roughness of a surface of either the electroconductive substrate or the intermediate layer, on which the charge generation layer is located.

Abstract: A server computer searches for at least one printing-service proving store based on printing-condition information sent form an information terminal, and sends information representing the searched printing-service providing store to the information terminal. After a user selects one printer device based on the information representing the at least one printing-service providing store, the information terminal sends document data to be printed to the server computer. The server computer sends printing data to be printed to the user-selected printer device.

Abstract: A colorless, transparent low defect density, synthetic type IIa diamond single crystal, in which the etch pits due to needle-shaped defects are at most 3.times.10.sup.5 pieces/cm.sup.2, and which can be applied to uses needing high crystallinity of diamond, for example, monochromators, semiconductor substrates, spectroscopic crystals in X-ray range, electronic materials, etc., is provided by a process for the production of the colorless, transparent low defect density, synthetic diamond single crystal by growing new diamond crystal on a seed crystal of diamond by the temperature gradient method which comprises using a crystal defect-free diamond single crystal, as a seed crystal of diamond, and optionally subjecting to a heat treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a low pressure and a temperature of 1100 to 1600.degree. C.

Abstract: An ohmic electorde of the present invention comprises a contact electrode layer formed on a p-type diamond semiconductor layer formed on a substrate so as to be in ohmic contact with the p-type diamond semiconductor layer and to have low contact resistance and high heat resistance, and a lead electrode layer formed on the contact electrode layer so as to have low lead wire resistance and high heat resistance. Specifically, the contact electrode layer is made of either a carbide of at least one metal selected from a metal group comprising Ti, Zr, and Hf, or a carbide of an alloy containing at least one metal selected from the metal group. Since the carbide of the metal or alloy forming the contact electrode layer is stabler in respect of energy because of reduced formation enthalpy than the metal or alloy itself, it is very unlikely to diffuse.

Abstract: A highly pure cubic boron nitride film is formed on a substrate by a method which comprises irradiating an excimer laser on a target comprising boron atoms and optionally nitrogen atom and depositing cubic boron nitride on a substrate which is placed to face the target.