Abstract: An electrode substrate is placed on a stage heated at temperature in a range of from 50.degree. to 200.degree. C. in such a manner that an alignment film of the electrode substrate faces upwards. Thereafter, a rubbing treatment is applied by a roller having the rubbing cloth wound therearound by moving a stage while rubbing the surface of the alignment film by rotating the roller in a state where the electrode substrate is sufficiently heated. Here, as the alignment film is softened by the described heat treatment, the rubbing process is facilitated. This permits a uniform C2 orientation without defects to be achieved in smectic liquid crystals.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes a first glass substrate with signal electrodes arranged in a striped pattern, a second glass substrate with scanning electrodes arranged in a striped pattern, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal between the first and second glass substrates, the first and second glass substrates facing each other and being fastened so that the signal and scanning electrodes cross each other at right angles. Light blocking members functioning as a black matrix are formed on the first glass substrate so that each light blocking member is placed between adjacent signal electrodes, forms a substantially flat surface with the signal electrodes and is partly buried in the first glass substrate. Metal lines are also buried in the first glass substrate so as to be in contact with the signal electrodes. A similar light blocking member is buried between adjacent scanning electrodes and similar metal lines are arranged on the second glass substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor package is described which is constructed from a rectangular tape film, a wiring pattern formed on the tape film constituted by wiring composed of a conductive material, a semiconductor chip electrically connected to one end of the wiring pattern, and holes formed on the other end of the wiring pattern for connection by insertion of lead-pins. A method is then described for stacking and mounting a plurality of semiconductor packages on a wiring substrate by first vertically positioning lead-pins on a wiring substrate and then passing these lead-pins through the holes in the semiconductor packages.

Abstract: An optical receiving circuit comprises a photodetector, a differential transimpedance amplifier, a peak detector, a resistor network circuit and a discriminator. The transimpedance amplifier receives a current pulse converted by the photo-detector and outputs a non-inverting voltage signal and an inverting voltage signal of the same level. A peak detector for detecting a peak value of the non-inverting voltage signal. A resistor network circuit make an additional operations between an output signal from the peak detector and the inverted voltage signal, and between the non-inverting voltage signal and the non-inverting voltage signal, thereby generating two complemental voltage signals, which have the same amplitude and cross each other at a middle point of the amplitude.

Abstract: When one performs an interpart short-circuit test where short-circuit is made between the terminals of the parts mounted on the printed circuit board 1 to find out the existence of fuming, firing and red heating, a spacing test that verifies if the distance between the patterns of the printed circuit board meets the prescribed insulating clearance, and an interpattern short-circuit test that verifies the existence of fuming and firing by shorting between the patterns that do not satisfy the prescribed insulating distance, an automatic tester receives the printed circuit board 1 to carry on the safety test, a control unit outputs the signal that controls said automatic tester and inputs the data of the test results, a detecting means detects the respective test results of fuming, firing and red heating, the memory incorporated into the control unit stores the data, and a recording means records the test results.

Abstract: There are disclosed a 1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan derivative of the formula ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 1-5; and Ar is an aromatic residue. a pharmacologically acceptable salt of the compound, a process for the preparation of the compound and salt as well as use thereof as hypermotility agents.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates on which an electrode is selectively formed on the surface, an insulating film and an orientation film are formed thereon and uniaxial orientation processing is performed and which are arranged so that directions of their uniaxial orientation processing may be almost parallel to each other; a liquid crystal panel which is formed by injecting a liquid crystal having a chiral smectic C phase between the substrates; a driving means for switching an optical axis of the liquid crystal by selectively applying a voltage to the electrode; and a means for optically identifying the switching of the optical axis, in which the liquid crystal shows a chevron structure as a layer structure at the chiral smectic C phase in which a layer structure is doglegged, and an orientation region generated from interaction in the uniaxial orientation processing direction and the layer structure is an inside region surrounded by a lightning defect generated in

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided with a movable image bearing member, such as a movable amorphous silicon photosensitive member, and an image forming member forms an image on a surface of the image bearing member. The image on the surface of the photosensitive member is transferred to a transfer material. A separator electrostatically separates the transfer material from the photosensitive member after the image is transferred by the transferring member. The separator is supplied with an electric power having a voltage of a waveform which periodically changes. In one embodiment, the voltage waveform includes at least two sine waves of different frequencies superposed to lower the peak value of the first sine wave.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates, a transparent electrode formed on each of the substrates, an orientation film covering the transparent electrode and a liquid crystal sealedly sandwiched between the pair of substrates, wherein the orientation film comprises a polyimide which is formed by a condensation polymerization of 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane as an amine component and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride as an carboxylic acid component, and is subjected to a uniaxial orientation treatment, and the liquid crystal has a smectic layer structure with its bending direction which is aligned with the direction of the uniaxial orientation treatment.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography, comprising toner particles and an additive, is obtained by mixing toners A and B together which are obtained by respectively adding the additive to each of at least two toner particle groups (a) and (b) having different particle size distributions. The average particle size of the toner particle group (a) is smaller than that of the toner particle group (b), and the amount of additive in the toner A is larger than that in the toner B. The toner reduces the differences in development conditions between different particle sizes due to broadening of toner particle size distribution, thereby enabling a stable image quality to be obtained which maintains a high image density for an extended period of time and is relatively free from fog generation in non-image portions.

Abstract: There are disclosed a benzopyrancarboxamide derivative of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.2 is hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, halogen atom, an amino radical or an acylamino group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or halogen atom; dotted line is a possible double bond; and n is an integer of 1-5,and a pharmacologically acceptable salt of the compound, a process for the preparation of the compound and salt as well as use thereof.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device wherein an orientation film is formed from a polyimide which is obtained by polymerization of an amine of the formula (I) ##STR1## and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride as main components and ferroelectric liquid crystals are oriented in liquid crystal cell using said orientation film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising a pair of substrates each having transparent electrodes over the surface thereof and an orientation film over the electrode, and a liquid crystal interposed between the pair of substrates, the liquid crystal being a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having incorporated therein a conjugated cyano compound or conjugated halogen compound serving as an electron acceptor.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including first and second translucent substrates opposed to each other, first and second transparent electrodes formed on the opposite faces of the first and second substrates, orientation films formed on the opposite faces so as to cover the first and second transparent electrodes, a liquid crystal filled in a space between the orientation films, the first electrode being divided into a plurality of dot electrodes arranged in the row and column directions, and the second electrode being divided into a plurality of stripe electrodes arranged opposite to the dot electrodes of the first electrode in the row direction, a first conductive film for serially connecting the dot electrodes in each column, and a second conductive film provided along the longitudinal edge of the stripe electrode, wherein the first and second substrates are positionally set such that the second conductive film is opposed to concave portions formed between the dot electrodes in the row direction.

Abstract: In a bipolar transistor, having a micronized structure for a high-speed LSI, which is fabricated by a self-alignment technology, a barrier insulating film is buried in a portion around an emitter layer so as to be deeper than a junction level between an active base layer and a collector layer. When a polysilicon film pattern which defines an active base region and serves as a portion of a base electrode is formed on a wafer surface, a surface portion of a photoresist serving as an etching mask is converted to a carbonized layer by ion implantation. When a micronized emitter layer is formed by a polysilicon-emitter technology, ion implantation is performed before deposition of the polysilicon film or an impurity is doped in the polysilicon film simultaneously with deposition, and rapid thermal annealing is performed so as to activate the doped impurity.

Abstract: The invention presents a liquid crystal display device characterized by forming pixel elements of transparent electrodes on the confronting surface of a pair of light-transmissive substrates, forming insulating films followed by orientation films on the light-transmissive substrates, and filling the gap of the light-transmissive substrates with liquid crystal.At least on one of the light-transmissive substrates, insulation films of different materials contact the orientation film in the pixel portions and non-pixel portions, or the insulation film is formed only in the pixel portions. According to the invention, therefore, the asymmetricity of liquid crystal molecular orientation is weak in the pixel portions, and a bistable memory effect may be obtained. Further, in the non-pixel portions the orientation asymmetricity is intensified, so that a uniform clarity may be obtained.

Abstract: In an ECL circuit comprising current switch transistors and emitter follower transistor, the common emitter current gain of the current switch transistors and emitter follower transistor are set independently, and the common emitter current gain of the current switch transistors is selected so that the delay time is at its minimum. Further, the emitter areas of the current switch transistors and emitter follower transistor are set independently, and the emitter areas of the current switch transistors are set to be smaller than the emitter area of the emitter follower transistor.

Abstract: A developing apparatus for developing an electrostatic latent image includes a developing device, means for supplying a powdery developer, and a developer carrying member for carrying the powdery developer supplied by the developing device to a developing zone where a latent image bearing member passes. The developer carrying member is blast-treated with irregular particles, and subsequently is blast-treated with regular particles having an average particle size larger than that of the irregular particles, wherein a developer carrying surface of the developer carrying member has a mixed first portion provided by the blast-treatment with the irregular particles only, and a second portion provided by the blast-treatment with the irregular particles and subsequent blast-treatment with the regular particles. A blasting energy applied to the developer carrying member, per unit area thereof, is smaller in the blast-treatment with regular particles than in the blast-treatment with irregular particles.

Abstract: In the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, a buffer oxide film, an oxidation-resistant film and a first poly-Si film containing a p-type impurity are successively formed to form a laminate structure on the n-type collector region, followed by forming a protective oxide film by CVD. Then, an opening portion reaching the oxidation-resistant film is formed, followed by forming a second protective insulation film to cover the surface of the first poly-Si film exposed at the side wall of the opening portion. The oxidation-resistant film is excessively etched using the protective insulation films as an etching mask so as to expose the buffer oxide film and to form a bore below the first poly-Si film. The exposed buffer oxide film is removed, followed by filling the bore with a second poly-Si film. Then, a heat treatment is performed under an oxidative atmosphere to form a thermal oxide film covering the surface of the second poly-Si film.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device (81) has transparent plates (83a, 83b), on which transparent electrodes (85a, 85b) are formed, arranged opposed to each other to form a space therebetween, with ferroelectric liquid crystals (95) sealed in the space. Black masks (89b) are arranged between the transparent electrodes (85b). Portions of the black masks (89b) extend over the transparent electrodes (85b). Black masks (89a) are arranged between the transparent electrodes (85a), with portions of the black masks (89a) extending over the transparent electrodes (85a). Since black masks (89a, 89b) are provided between the transparent electrodes (85a, 85b), respectively, state of display can be made uniform in non-pixel portions. Since the black masks (89a, 89b) on the transparent electrodes (85a, 85b) prevents undesired inversion of spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal molecules in the pixel portions, the state of display of the pixel portions can be made stable.