Abstract: An optical communication system includes a display having display pixels operable to display an image and a digital camera disposed and operable to capture and record the displayed image. A digital camera frame rate can be greater than a display frame rate. Multiple digital cameras can be disposed and operable to capture and record the displayed image. A mirror can be disposed to reflect the image from the display to a digital camera. One or more intermediate digital cameras and displays can be disposed to capture and re-display the image for the digital camera. Images can include encoded addresses for the digital cameras. Synchronization display pixels can indicate new displayed images to trigger a digital camera to record the new displayed image. A camera light emitter can indicate that a digital camera has recorded a displayed image.

Abstract: An electro-optically controlled display includes a display substrate. Row wires, row light-pipes, and column light-pipes are disposed on the display substrate. A row controller provides a respective row electrical signal to each of the row wires and a respective row optical signal to each of the row light-pipes. A column controller provides a respective column optical signal to each of the column light-pipes. Pixels are disposed in rows and columns over the display substrate. Each of the pixels comprises a pixel circuit connected to one of the row wires, to one of the row light-pipes, and to one of the column light-pipes. The pixel circuit receives respective row electrical signals from the row wire, respective row optical signals from the row light-pipe, and respective column optical signals from the column light-pipe.

Abstract: A light-emitting module structure comprises a support substrate and a micro-module disposed on or in the support substrate that extends over only a portion of the support substrate. The micro-module comprises a rigid module substrate, an inorganic light-emitting diode, a power source, and a control circuit. The inorganic light-emitting diode, the power source, and the control circuit are disposed on or in the module substrate and the control circuit receives power from the power source to control the inorganic light-emitting diode to emit light. A light conductor is disposed on or in the support substrate and in alignment with the micro-module so that the inorganic light-emitting diode is disposed to emit light into the light conductor and the light conductor conducts the light beyond the micro-module to emit the light from the light conductor.

Abstract: A redundant pixel layout for a display comprises a display substrate and an array of pixels disposed on or over the display substrate. Each pixel comprises a first subpixel and a redundant second subpixel. The first subpixel includes a first subpixel controller electrically connected to controller wires and a first light emitter electrically connected to a first-light-emitter wire. The first light emitter is controlled by the first subpixel controller through the first-light-emitter wire. The second subpixel includes a second-subpixel-controller location connected to the controller wires and a second-light-emitter location comprising a second-light-emitter wire. The first light emitter is adjacent to the second-light-emitter location and the first light emitter and the second-light-emitter location are closer together than are any two pixels in the array of pixels.

Abstract: A multi-component transistor structure includes components each comprising an individual, discrete, and separate component substrate and a component transistor. The component transistor includes a transistor element having a transistor element resistance. A component connection is disposed external to the transistor element and has a connection resistance. The component connection electrically connects the transistor elements in the components in parallel. The connection resistance is less than the transistor element resistance of at least one corresponding transistor element, less than an average of the transistor element resistances of all of the corresponding transistor elements, or less than the sum of all of the transistor element resistances of all of the corresponding transistor elements. The component transistors are functionally similar and at least one of the components is disposed on another different one of the components in a component stack.

Abstract: A micro-device structure includes an insulating layer and a micro-device disposed on the insulating layer. A pocket is formed in the micro-device that extends from a surface of the micro-device opposite the insulating layer through the micro-device to the insulating layer. A micro-component is disposed in the pocket and is non-native to the micro-device and the insulating layer. The micro-component can emit or receive light through the insulating layer and can be connected to and controlled by a micro-circuit disposed in the micro-device.

Abstract: Methods of making a printed structure include providing a target substrate, coating the target substrate with an uncured adhesive, disposing a component on the uncured adhesive, processing the uncured adhesive with or without a pattern, and curing the uncured adhesive. Some embodiments include having a target-substrate contact pad on the target substrate, disposing a post component on the uncured adhesive over the target-substrate contact pad, the post component having an electrical connection extending from the post component toward the target-substrate contact pad, disposing a non-post component on the uncured adhesive laterally displaced from the post component, pattern-wise processing the uncured adhesive so that a first portion of the uncured adhesive adjacent to the post component is not processed and a second portion of the uncured adhesive adjacent to the non-post component is processed, reflowing the unprocessed first portion of the uncured adhesive, and curing the uncured adhesive.

Abstract: An example of a cavity structure comprises a cavity substrate comprising a substrate surface, a cavity extending into the cavity substrate, the cavity having a cavity bottom and cavity walls, and a cap disposed on a side of the cavity opposite the cavity bottom. The cavity substrate, the cap, and the one or more cavity walls form a cavity enclosing a volume. A component can be disposed in the cavity and can extend above the substrate surface. The component can be a piezoelectric or a MEMS device. The cap can have a tophat configuration. The cavity structure can be micro-transfer printed from a source wafer to a destination substrate.

Abstract: A micro-module includes a module substrate, an antenna having antenna walls and an antenna top surface disposed on or over the module substrate, and a sealant disposed on the module substrate surface and on at least a portion of the antenna walls. The sealant extends to at least the antenna top surface. The antenna walls and sealant form an enclosed area of the module substrate surface surrounded by the antenna walls and sealant. A module circuit is disposed on or in the module substrate in the enclosed area. The module circuit is electrically connected to the antenna and is responsive to electrical signals received from the antenna. A cap is disposed on or over the antenna top surface and the sealant, encapsulating the module circuit.

Abstract: A flat-panel display comprises a display substrate, an array of pixels distributed in rows and columns over the display substrate, the array having a column-control side, and column controller disposed on the column-control side of the array providing column data to the array of pixels through column-data lines. In some embodiments, rows of pixels in the array of pixels form row groups and each column of pixels in a row group receives column data through a separate column-data line. In some embodiments, each pixel in each column of pixels in the array of pixels is serially connected and each pixel in the array of pixels comprises a token-passing circuit for passing a token through the serially connected column of pixels.

Abstract: A current-selectable light-emitting-diode (LED) display includes pixels distributed in an array of rows and columns. The pixels are grouped in mutually exclusive clusters and cluster controllers are connected to each pixel in a cluster of pixels to control the pixels in the cluster to emit light. Each cluster controller comprises a selectable current source. Each of the selectable current sources can include cluster current sources that are responsive to a current-select signal to enable one or more of the cluster current sources. The pixels can include micro-LEDs and the cluster controller can be disposed between the micro-LEDs. The display can be disposed on a display substrate with signal wires. The signal wires can include separate wire segments that are electrically connected through regeneration circuits that regenerate the signals. The display can be an information display or a backlight.

Abstract: A printed structure comprises a device comprising device electrical contacts disposed on a common side of the device and a substrate non-native to the device comprising substrate electrical contacts disposed on a surface of the substrate. At least one of the substrate electrical contacts has a rounded shape. The device electrical contacts are in physical and electrical contact with corresponding substrate electrical contacts. The substrate electrical contacts can comprise a polymer core coated with a patterned contact electrical conductor on a surface of the polymer core. A method of making polymer cores comprising patterning a polymer on the substrate and reflowing the patterned polymer to form one or more rounded shapes of the polymer and coating and then patterning the one or more rounded shapes with a conductive material.

Abstract: An example of a cavity structure comprises a cavity substrate comprising a substrate surface, a cavity extending into the cavity substrate, the cavity having a cavity bottom and cavity walls, and a cap disposed on a side of the cavity opposite the cavity bottom. The cavity substrate, the cap, and the one or more cavity walls form a cavity enclosing a volume. A component can be disposed in the cavity and can extend above the substrate surface. The component can be a piezoelectric or a MEMS device. The cap can have a tophat configuration. The cavity structure can be micro-transfer printed from a source wafer to a destination substrate.

Abstract: A hybrid pulse-width-modulation pixel includes a light controller responsive to a variable power signal specifying different powers and a pixel controller. The pixel controller is operable receive a pixel luminance signal comprising multiple bits specifying a desired light-controller luminance, generate the variable power signal in response to the pixel luminance signal, and drive the light controller to emit light at different luminances in response to the variable power signal for different time periods. The pixel controller is operable to provide the variable power signal at a constant first power for a first time period and provide the variable power signal at a constant second power different from the constant first power for a second time period.

Abstract: A micro-component substrate structure includes a carrier substrate having a corrugated surface and a micro-component having a bottom surface disposed on the corrugated surface. Only a portion of the micro-component bottom surface is in direct contact with the corrugated surface. The micro-component can be removed from the corrugated surface using micro-transfer printing without a tether or anchor structure in the carrier substrate using a stamp with stamp posts. The corrugated surface can be coated with a film. The stamp posts and film can be PDMS and can have different adhesive qualities or areas in contact with the micro-component. The film can be processed to modify its adhesive qualities.

Abstract: A method of printing comprises providing a component source wafer comprising components, a transfer device, and a patterned substrate. The patterned substrate comprises substrate posts that extend from a surface of the patterned substrate. Components are picked up from the component source wafer by adhering the components to the transfer device. One or more of the picked-up components are printed to the patterned substrate by disposing each of the one or more picked-up components onto one of the substrate posts, thereby providing one or more printed components in a printed structure.

Abstract: A module collection and deposition system comprises a container, a module source wafer comprising modules released from the module source wafer, a module collection device operable to remove the modules from the module source wafer and dispose the modules as a disordered and dry collection into the container, and a module deposition device for removing the modules from the container and randomly disposing the modules on a receiving surface. Each module comprises an electronically active unpackaged component.

Abstract: A constant-current passive-matrix array includes a two-dimensional array of pixels. Rows of pixels are each connected in common to a row wire and to a row controller operable to select one of the row wires with a row-select signal. Columns of pixels are each connected in common to a column wire and to a column controller. The column controller provides received pixel values to different column-control circuits, each connected to a column wire. Each column-control circuit comprises constant-current sources and a constant-current-source selection circuit operable to individually and separately enable each of the constant-current sources in response to the pixel value with a constant-current-source selection signal. The outputs of the constant-current sources are electrically connected in parallel to a column wire and the constant-current sources together are operable to output a constant-current column-data signal in response to the constant-current-source selection signals.

Abstract: A hybrid pulse-width-modulation pixel includes a light controller responsive to a variable power signal specifying different powers and a pixel controller. The pixel controller is operable receive a pixel luminance signal comprising multiple bits specifying a desired light-controller luminance, generate the variable power signal in response to the pixel luminance signal, and drive the light controller to emit light at different luminances in response to the variable power signal for different time periods. The pixel controller is operable to provide the variable power signal at a constant first power for a first time period and provide the variable power signal at a constant second power different from the constant first power for a second time period.

Abstract: An electro-optically controlled active-matrix system comprises a system substrate, row wires extending in a row direction disposed on the system substrate, a row controller providing a row electrical signal to each row wire, column light-pipes extending in a column direction disposed on the system substrate, a column controller providing a column optical signal to each column light-pipe, and pixels disposed over the system substrate. Each pixel can comprise a pixel circuit that is uniquely responsive to a row wire and to a column light-pipe, the pixel circuit receiving the row electrical signal from the row wire and receiving the column optical signal from the column light-pipe. In some embodiments, column wires carrying column electrical signals extend in a column direction over the system substrate and the pixel circuit is capacitively coupled to the row wire, the column wire, or both.