Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for sweat volume detection based on sweat print imaging, comprising: obtaining a raw data set, the raw data set including at least one sweat print image formed by dropping different volumes of sweat on a test paper under different environmental parameters; obtaining a color value extreme of the sweat print image and dividing the sweat print image into at least one region; calculating a sweat error based on a total sweat collection volume and a real sweat volume; obtaining a trained error prediction model; obtaining a to-be-tested sweat print image and current environmental parameters; inputting the current environmental parameters and a count of regions of the to-be tested sweat print image into the trained error prediction model to determine a sweat error of the to-be-tested sweat print image; calculating a sweat volume and a sweat rate based on the sweat error.

Abstract: A satellite communication method and apparatus are provided, to reduce the signaling overhead of downlink control information delivered by a satellite and that indicates beam switching when a plurality of communication apparatuses need to simultaneously perform a beam switch. In the method, a plurality of communication apparatuses are grouped based on geographical locations of the plurality of communication apparatuses, and a group identifier of a device group to which a communication apparatus belongs and an identifier of a beam to be switched to during the beam switch are sent, in a broadcast manner, to the communication apparatus that belongs to the same device group.

Abstract: In a cell handover method and apparatus, first network device of a first cell obtains user information of a terminal device, and then the first network device may determine handover information based on the user information and running information of the first network device, so that after the first network device sends an RRC message including the handover information to the terminal device, the terminal device may perform N consecutive cell handovers based on the handover information. In the N cell handovers, the first network device only needs to obtain the user information once, to configure handover conditions for the N subsequent handovers in advance at a time. This simplifies a network signaling procedure, reduces network overheads, and reduces handover response time. The embodiments of this disclosure are applicable to a network handover in a satellite scenario.

Abstract: A communication parameter indication method and an apparatus. A terminal device obtains first information, wherein the first information indicates a quantity of time units of a first message. The first information is related to a relative speed between a network device and the terminal device. The terminal device sends the first message based on the quantity of time units. Based on the foregoing solution, the first information indicates the quantity of time units for transmitting the first message by the terminal device.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a polar coding method, apparatus, and device, so as to reduce storage overheads of a system. A sequence for polar coding is obtained based on a length M of a target polar code, wherein the sequence comprises L sequence numbers, ordering of the L sequence numbers in the sequence is the same as ordering of the L sequence numbers in a maximum mother code sequence, wherein the maximum mother code sequence is obtained by sorting N sequence numbers of N polarized channels in ascending order or descending order of reliability metrics, wherein L and N are integer power of 2, M is smaller than or equal to L, L is smaller than or equal to N.

Abstract: A distributed learning method and apparatus for combining wireless communication with distributed learning to save resources, and improve performance of distributed learning in a wireless environment. A first node processes first data using a first data model to obtain first intermediate data. The first node sends the first intermediate data to a second node through a first channel. The first channel is updated based on error information of second intermediate data, information about the first channel, and the first intermediate data. The second intermediate data is a result of transmitting the first intermediate data to the second node through the first channel. The first channel is a channel between the first node and the second node.

Abstract: A first communication apparatus receives training data, and determines a first intermediate gradient based on the training data. The first intermediate gradient is used to update a parameter of a first neural network located in a second communication apparatus. The first communication apparatus maps the first intermediate gradient to an air interface resource to generate a first gradient signal, and sends the first gradient signal to the second communication apparatus. The first gradient signal includes one or more first gradient symbols, and each of the first gradient symbols is corresponding to one or more gradient values.

Abstract: A method includes determining, based on a length of to-be-encoded information bits and a code rate, a code length N after encoding; determining, based on N, a minimum segment code length and a maximum segment code length, a reserved segment quantity of each type of segments in segments of b?a+1 types of segment code lengths and a reserved code length corresponding to N, where the minimum segment code length is 2{circumflex over (?)}a, and the maximum segment code length is 2{circumflex over (?)}b; determining a segment quantity of each type of segments based on N, the reserved code length, a segment code length of each type of segments, and the reserved segment quantity, where N corresponds to S segments, and a segment code length of an ith segment in the S segments is greater than or equal to a segment code length of an (i+1)th segment in the S segments.

Abstract: A tracking area (TA) update method, a broadcast message transmission method, and a communications apparatus, where the tracking area update method includes: receiving a broadcast message periodically sent by a satellite device, where the broadcast message alternately carries tracking area codes (TACs) corresponding to one or more TAs of at least two TAs, and where coverage of a beam of the satellite device belongs to the at least two TAs; when detecting for the first time that a TA corresponding to a TAC in a broadcast message received in a current period does not belong to a first TA list, recording the TA in a second TA list; continuing detecting a subsequent broadcast message; and determining, based on a TAC in the subsequent broadcast message, whether to initiate a TA update procedure.

Abstract: A signal processing method and an apparatus thereof. A first signal is received, wherein the first signal includes x symbols. N types of quantization levels are determined based on a signal distribution parameter of the first signal. A second signal is determined based on the first signal. Quantization processing is performed on the second signal to obtain x groups of first quantization results, wherein the x symbols are in one-to-one correspondence with the x groups of first quantization results. The x groups of first quantization results are mapped to a quantized first signal, wherein the quantized first signal includes x quantization levels, and each group of first quantization results is mapped to one of the N types of quantization levels. Signal processing is performed on the quantized first signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a parameter transmission method and an apparatus, and relate to the field of wireless communication technologies. In the method, the terminal device may receive first information. The first information may include a time parameter. The time parameter may be used to determine a timing offset. The timing offset includes a second timing offset, and the second timing offset indicates a delay of activation of configuration information. The terminal device determines a delay start duration of a random access response (RAR) window based on the second timing offset.

Abstract: A wireless communication includes determining, by a satellite, at least one first signal, sending the at least one first signal to a terminal based on at least one first beam, and receiving a random access request from the terminal. Each first signal of the at least one first signal corresponds to one first beam of the at least one first beam. Each first signal of the at least one first signal includes information about a first geographical location of a center point of the one first beam of the at least one first beam corresponding to each first signal of the at least one first signal. The information about the first geographical location is useable to determine a second beam from the at least one first beam. The random access request includes an identifier of the second beam.

Abstract: A transmit-end device obtains a first bit sequence including K information bits (401); then maps the K information bits to m sub-blocks, and performs first polar code encoding on the m sub-blocks to obtain a second bit sequence (402); and modulates the second bit sequence to obtain and send a symbol sequence (403). Correspondingly, a receive-end device obtains the symbol sequence (404), and decodes and demodulates the symbol sequence to obtain the K information bits (405). The m sub-blocks include a first sub-block, a quantity of information bits included in the first sub-block is obtained based on K and a code rate R of the first bit sequence, m may be understood as a modulation order of the first bit sequence, and a length of the second bit sequence is N.

Abstract: This application provides a beam switching method and apparatus. The beam switching method includes: A satellite device receives first location information of a terminal device. The satellite device sends first indication information, where the first indication information indicates one or more of K switching time periods. The K switching time periods are determined by the satellite device based on first information. The first information includes the first location information of the terminal device, location information of the satellite device, a velocity vector of the satellite device, and beam information of the satellite device. The K switching time periods are time periods in which the terminal device performs K times of beam switching.

Abstract: A data processing method and apparatus may be applied to a node such as a first node in a communication system. The first node has an adjacent relationship with a second node, and the first node and the second node are configured to execute a same type of task. The method includes: obtaining first data, and determining a processing result of the first data through a first neural network, where the first neural network is determined based on a combination of first neural network parameter sets, and a quantity of first neural network parameter sets in the combination is positively correlated to a quantity of second nodes.

Abstract: A ground fault directionality detection method, a ground fault directionality detection device and a computer-readable storage medium for a small current grounding system are disclosed. The ground fault directionality detection method comprises sampling at least a part of a current signal to obtain a numerical matrix; providing the numerical matrix as an input to a ground fault directionality detection neural network; calculating a label vector corresponding to the numerical matrix by the ground fault directionality detection neural network, wherein the label vector indicates whether the current signal is an upstream fault current signal or a downstream fault current signal; receiving a ground fault confirmation signal by the ground fault directionality detection neural network; and outputting the label vector by the ground fault directionality detection neural network when the ground fault confirmation signal indicates that the current signal is a ground fault current signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a polar coding method, apparatus, and device, so as to reduce storage overheads of a system. A sequence for polar coding is obtained based on a length M of a target polar code, wherein the sequence comprises L sequence numbers, ordering of the L sequence numbers in the sequence is the same as ordering of the L sequence numbers in a maximum mother code sequence, wherein the maximum mother code sequence is obtained by sorting N sequence numbers of N polarized channels in ascending order or descending order of reliability metrics, wherein L and N are integer power of 2, M is smaller than or equal to L, L is smaller than or equal to N.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a lead-acid battery electrode plate for preventing lead-acid battery from lead (II) sulfate crystal growth piercing and enhancing the battery formation efficiency. The lead-acid battery electrode plate comprises an electricity collector layer as an electric current channel, and two air permeable layers respectively placed on both sides of the electricity collector layer, wherein non-metallic sheet materials having porous structures are used as air-permeable channel of the air-permeable layers, and the first air-permeable layer is the same as or different from the second air-permeable layer.

Abstract: A coding method and apparatus are provided. The method includes: coding an information bit by using a preset generator matrix of a systematic (U|U+V)-code to obtain a codeword of a systematic code. The preset generator matrix of the systematic (U|U+V)-code includes a first identity sub-matrix of a U code and a second identity sub-matrix of a V code. A plurality of elements in a same column as the first identity sub-matrix are all 0. A plurality of elements in a same column as the second identity sub-matrix are all 0.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the field of communications technologies, and provide an encoding and decoding method and apparatus, to reduce encoding/decoding complexity and improve encoding/decoding performance. In the method, a transmit device may obtain N to-be-encoded vectors. The transmit device may encode the N to-be-encoded vectors based on a polar code kernel matrix, to obtain N temporary code blocks. The transmit device may respectively perform a mask operation on target bit sequences in an (n+1)th temporary code block to an (n+M)th temporary code block and a source bit sequence segment of an nth temporary code block, to obtain M mask bit sequences. The transmit device may respectively encode the M mask bit sequences based on the polar kernel matrix, to obtain M encoded mask bit sequences. The transmit device may sum the M encoded mask bit sequences and M temporary code blocks, to obtain M first code blocks.