Abstract: A method and chemical delivery system are provided. The method includes providing a vapor phase of a multi-component liquid source. The method further includes contacting a pre-loaded carrier gas with the vapor phase, wherein the pre-loaded carrier gas includes a carrier gas and at least one component of the multi-component liquid source and delivering a gas stream comprising at least one component of the liquid source to a critical process or application, wherein the amount of the component in the carrier gas is sufficient to keep the ratio of components in the multi-component liquid source relatively constant. The chemical delivery system includes a multi-component liquid source having a vapor phase.

Abstract: Methods and delivery systems for providing a gas phase of a multi-component liquid source for delivery to a critical process application are provided. The methods include concentration of a component of the liquid source which is less volatile than water for delivery of a gas stream comprising the less volatile component to a critical process application. Critical process applications include decontamination and microelectronic processing applications.

Abstract: A method and chemical delivery system are provided. The method includes providing a non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution having a vapor phase separated from the substantially non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution by a membrane. The method further includes contacting a carrier gas or vacuum with the vapor phase and delivering a gas stream comprising hydrogen peroxide to a critical process or application. The chemical delivery system includes a non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution having a vapor phase separated from the substantially non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution by a membrane. The system further includes a carrier gas or vacuum in fluid contact with the vapor phase and an apparatus for delivering a gas stream comprising at least one component of the hydrogen peroxide solution to a critical process or application.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for decontaminating materials containing biological or biologically derived materials, such as microorganisms or DNA products, are provided. The methods, systems, and devices may be used for decontaminating or sterilizing materials, such as surfaces, including, but not limited to reducing the number of viable microorganisms on surfaces. The methods, systems, and devices may further be used for rendering DNA non-amplifiable in nucleic acid amplification reactions that synthesize DNA amplification products.

Abstract: A photodetector device includes multiple organic photodetector subcells arranged in a stack, each organic photodetector subcell being configured to generate an electrical current in response to absorbing light over a corresponding range of wavelengths, in which each organic photodetector subcell includes at least one electron donor material and at least one electron acceptor material.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for decontaminating materials containing biological or biologically derived materials, such as microorganisms or DNA products, are provided. The methods, systems, and devices may be used for decontaminating or sterilizing materials, such as surfaces, including, but not limited to reducing the number of viable microorganisms on surfaces. The methods, systems, and devices may further be used for rendering DNA non-amplifiable in nucleic acid amplification reactions that synthesize DNA amplification products.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for separation of a targeted molecular species with high purity from a mixture, by controlling temperatures of sublimation unit calculated by a specific formula.

Abstract: An example organic photovoltaic device includes an organic electron donor region, and an organic electron acceptor region. The acceptor region forms a donor-acceptor interface with the donor region. At least one of the donor region and the acceptor region includes an exciton permeable interface. An energy transfer imbalance across the exciton permeable interface is configured to bias exciton transfer towards the donor-acceptor interface.

Abstract: A method and chemical delivery system are provided. The method includes providing a concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution in a boiler having a head space, boiling the concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to produce a dilute vapor comprising hydrogen peroxide within the head space of the boiler, and adding a dilute aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to the concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution within the boiler to maintain the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution in the boiler. The method further includes delivering the dilute vapor comprising hydrogen peroxide to a critical process or application.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for decontaminating materials containing biological or biologically derived materials, such as microorganisms or DNA products, are provided. The methods, systems, and devices may be used for decontaminating or sterilizing materials, such as surfaces, including, but not limited to reducing the number of viable microorganisms on surfaces. The methods, systems, and devices may further be used for rendering DNA non-amplifiable in nucleic acid amplification reactions that synthesize DNA amplification products.

Abstract: A method and chemical delivery system are provided. The method includes providing a non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution having a vapor phase separated from the substantially non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution by a membrane. The method further includes contacting a carrier gas or vacuum with the vapor phase and delivering a gas stream comprising hydrogen peroxide to a critical process or application. The chemical delivery system includes a non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution having a vapor phase separated from the substantially non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution by a membrane. The system further includes a carrier gas or vacuum in fluid contact with the vapor phase and an apparatus for delivering a gas stream comprising at least one component of the hydrogen peroxide solution to a critical process or application.

Abstract: A method and chemical delivery system are provided. The method includes providing a vapor phase of a multi-component liquid source. The method further includes contacting a pre-loaded carrier gas with the vapor phase, wherein the pre-loaded carrier gas includes a carrier gas and at least one component of the multi-component liquid source and delivering a gas stream comprising at least one component of the liquid source to a critical process or application, wherein the amount of the component in the carrier gas is sufficient to keep the ratio of components in the multi-component liquid source relatively constant. The chemical delivery system includes a multi-component liquid source having a vapor phase.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes a first heterojunction layer having a first donor type organic material and a first acceptor type organic material, in which a concentration of at least one of the first donor type organic material and the first acceptor type organic material is graded continuously from a first side of the first heterojunction layer to a second side of the first heterojunction layer.

Abstract: Plasmonic nanocavity arrays and methods for enhanced efficiency in organic photovoltaic cells are described. Plasmonic nanocavities offer a promising and highly tunable alternative to conventional transparent conductors for photovoltaic applications using both organic and inorganic materials systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cleaning an article in semiconductor manufacturing are provided. The method includes subjecting a first chamber containing the article to a vapor source while controlling a temperature of the article and a temperature of the vapor source such that vapor from the vapor source condenses on a surface of the article to form a liquid film. The method further includes evaporating the liquid film, whereby the evaporating liquid transports contaminants from the surface of the article. Evaporating includes exposing the first chamber to condensing surfaces having a temperature lower than a temperature of the article, whereby the evaporated liquid condenses on the condensing surfaces. The apparatus includes a first chamber for housing the article, a vapor source connected to the first chamber, a temperature controller, and a second chamber connected with the first chamber to collect the vapor evaporated from the article.

Abstract: A photodetector device includes multiple organic photodetector subcells arranged in a stack, each organic photodetector subcell being configured to generate an electrical current in response to absorbing light over a corresponding range of wavelengths, in which each organic photodetector subcell includes at least one electron donor material and at least one electron acceptor material.

Abstract: Organic light-emitting devices having an emissive region comprising a hole transport material and an electron transport material in varying material concentration across the devices. Variation of the concentration of the hole transport material and electron transport material is provided continuously or in a graded manner, as opposed to using multiple layers arranged to form a step-like gradient.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for the removal of a number of molecular contaminants from surfaces within a device. A purge gas containing oxygen and/or water is introduced into the interior of the device, contacting at least a portion of the interior surfaces. A contaminated purge gas is produced by transferring a portion of the contamination from the interior surfaces into the purge gas. The contaminated purge gas is removed from the device and the process is continued until the contaminant concentration in the contaminated purge gas is below a predetermined level.

Abstract: A lithographic projection apparatus (1) includes a support configured to support a patterning device (MA), the patterning device configured to pattern the projection beam according to a desired pattern. The apparatus has a substrate (W) table configure to hold a substrate, a projection system configured to project the patterned beam onto a target portion of the substrate. The apparatus also has a purge gas supply system (100) configured to provide a purge gas near a surface of a component of the lithographic projection apparatus. The purge gas supply system (100) includes a purge gas mixture generator (120) configured to generate a purge gas mixture which includes at least one purging gas and moisture. The purge gas mixture generator has a moisturizer (150) configured to add the moisture to the purge gas and a purge gas mixture outlet (130) connected to the purge gas mixture generator (120) configured to supply the purge gas mixture near the surface.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes a first heterojunction layer having a first donor type organic material and a first acceptor type organic material, in which a concentration of at least one of the first donor type organic material and the first acceptor type organic material is graded continuously from a first side of the first heterojunction layer to a second side of the first heterojunction layer.