Abstract: A method includes steps of providing first and second substrates, and forming a bonding interface between them using a conductive bonding region. A portion of the second substrate is removed to form a mesa structure. A vertically oriented semiconductor device is formed with the mesa structure. A portion of the conductive bonding region is removed to form a contact. The vertically oriented semiconductor device is carried by the contact.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide individual and payment information to a service server by recognizing whether the service server is to be trusted when individual identification information provided by a user is received from the service server. So, the invention provides an authentication method of the service server and a payment method by using the same, which can prevent the individual identification information and payment from being accessed by a distrusted server in wireless Internet.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a system and method for transferring voice messages. The system includes a voice message server. When a voice message and called terminal information are transmitted from a calling terminal, the voice message server stores the voice message, searches for a connection route to the called terminal with reference to the called terminal information, and transmits a reception request signal to the called terminal. Furthermore, when the called terminal responds to the reception request signal, the voice message server reproduces the voice message. Furthermore, when the called terminal does not respond to the reception request signal and the reception request signal is forwarded to a different receiving object, the voice message server checks whether the route of the reception request signal has been changed and interrupts the transmission of the voice message. Accordingly, an additional communication charge may be avoided.

Abstract: The RFID system includes an RFID reader for sending information selected from among collision type information, idle type information, and readable type information, to all of the RFID tags depending on the number of signals in the corresponding time slot, and RFID tags for performing functions, in which, when information, indicating that a current time slot is a collision type, is fed back from the RFID reader, each of RFID tags selects one arbitrary value of either 0 or 1 and is assigned a time slot, in which a corresponding RFID tag will send a signal to the RFID reader, based on the selected value, a single tag group that caused a collision is divided into two sub-groups depending on the assigned time slots, and tags of the sub-groups send signals, including IDs thereof, to the RFID reader in different time slots for the respective sub-groups.

Abstract: A dual stack mobile communication system is provided for building a single interworking network of an asynchronous network and a synchronous network. A single node is formed by combining the same kind nodes of the asynchronous network and the synchronous network, wherein the single node searches information for generating two output signal points according to a synchronous protocol and an asynchronous protocol in one input signal point according to the synchronous protocol or asynchronous protocol, and generates one output signal point.

Abstract: In an apparatus for driving LED arrays, a dimming/size setter sets each of driving voltages for a plurality of red, green and blue LED arrays in response to at least one of a dimming signal and a size control signal inputted from outside. Each of red LED array driving circuits is commonly connected to the dimming/size setter, and switches on/off a supply voltage by PWM to supply the driving voltage set by the dimming/size setter. Each of green LED array driving circuits is commonly connected to the dimming/size setter, and switches on/off a supply voltage by PWM to supply the driving voltage set by the dimming/size setter. Also, each of blue LED array driving circuits is commonly connected to the dimming/size setter, and switches on/off a supply voltage by PWM to supply the driving voltage set by the dimming/size setter.

Abstract: A method of coupling substrates together includes steps of providing first and second substrates. The second substrate includes a conductive bonding region positioned on its surface. Heat is provided to the conductive bonding region to reduce its number of defects. The surface of the conductive bonding region is bonded to the first substrate so that the conductive bonding region and the first substrate are coupled together.

Abstract: A method of forming a circuit includes providing a first substrate; positioning an interconnect region on a surface of the first substrate; providing a second substrate; positioning a device structure on a surface of the second substrate, the device structure including a stack of at least three doped semiconductor material layers; and bonding the device structure to the interconnect region.

Abstract: There is provided an integrated LED driving device including: a DC/DC converting part converting and outputting a DC voltage inputted from the outside by switching of a switch into a driving voltage of a magnitude suitable for driving a plurality of LED arrays; a constant current controlling part receiving at least one of information on the current flowing through the LED array and information on a voltage applied to the LED array by feed-back, the constant current controlling part including a PWM controller PWM-controlling a switching duty of the switch of the DC/DC converting part, and controlling a switching duty of each of the switches of the switching part to allow the current to flow through the LED array with a predetermined magnitude; and a control logic receiving a control signal by a user and controlling the PWM controller in response to the control signal.

Abstract: A backlight unit includes: at least one lamp; and a plurality of optical sheets on the at least one lamp, the plurality of optical sheets having a micro-lens sheet.

Abstract: There is provided a LED array driving apparatus for driving a light emitting array having a plurality of LEDs connected to one another, including: a DC-DC converting part; a current/voltage detecting part detecting a magnitude of a first current flowing through a switching transistor of the DC-DC current converting part to correspondingly output a first current detection voltage, detecting a magnitude of a both-end voltage of the LED array to correspondingly output a LED array detection voltage, and detecting a magnitude of a current flowing through the LED array to correspondingly output a second current detection voltage; and a constant current controlling part controlling an on/off duty of the switching transistor according to the magnitude of the first current detection voltage, the second current detection voltage and the LED array detection voltage detected by the current/voltage detecting part.

Abstract: In the mobile communication system, asynchronous and synchronous Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) are interconnected via an Interworking Interoperability Function (HF), and are connected to a Dual stack Home Location Register (D-HLR). The D-HLR stores and manages asynchronous subscription and synchronous subscription information of the mobile communication terminal. The HF stores and manages the synchronous mobile communication system information, receives the synchronous subscription information of the mobile communication terminal from the D-HLR, transmits synchronous system information and the synchronous subscription information of the mobile communication terminal to the synchronous MSC and receives a response from the synchronous MSC, and requests the asynchronous MSC to release a wireless connection when the mobile communication terminal and the synchronous mobile communication system are interconnected and notification of completion of the handover is provided.

Abstract: A novel polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer membrane is disclosed. The novel polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer membrane of the present invention comprises two different compounds which are crosslinked by irradiating light such as UV or electronic beams or heat treatment to form a covalent bond between double bonds thereby providing improved properties such as chemical resistance and durability. This invention also relates to a process its preparation.

Abstract: In a method for providing an arbitrary sound, chosen by a called subscriber, as a ringback tone to a calling subscriber through a call-originating exchanger, the call-originating exchanger requests a trunk connection to a sound database server based on first information on whether or not to replace an RBT (RingBack Tone) and second information on a route to the sound database server that are received from a home location register (HLR), and provides a called subscriber identification for the sound database server. Then, the sound database server searches its database for a sound specified by the called, and provides the found sound for the caller instead of a conventional RBT via the originating exchanger connected through the requested trunk connection. The caller can hear a sound specified by the called instead of the conventional RBT.

Abstract: A semiconductor layer structure includes a donor substrate and a detach region carried by the donor substrate. A device structure is carried by the donor substrate and positioned proximate to the detach region. The device structure includes a stack of crystalline semiconductor layers. The stack of crystalline semiconductor layers includes a pn junction.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes providing a substrate and providing a detach region which is carried by the substrate. A device structure which includes a stack of crystalline semiconductor layers is provided, wherein the detach region is positioned between the device structure and substrate. The stack is processed to form a vertically oriented semiconductor device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and method of providing a history of failed calls for a subscriber who is targeted by the failed calls. In the present invention, when an exchanger can not route a call to a target subscriber it notifies an HLR (Home Location Register) of call routing failure. Then, the HLR sends information about the failed call, which includes the called and the calling number, and call originating time (or call receiving time), to a call control system. The call control system adds the received failed-call information to a calling history for the called number. Afterwards, when the called number is accessible the call control system provides a subscriber of the called number with the calling history, whereby the subscriber can know all of calling numbers that requested to make connections with him or her while he or she was not able to communicate with a mobile network.

Abstract: An optical disc drive including a main frame in which a turntable is provided; a tray on which the optical disc is mounted and which is slidable in the main frame; a cover, which covers a top surface of the main frame and includes a clamper to fix the optical disc in the turntable; and a noise reducer, which is disposed in the cover and causes air generated by rotation of the optical disc circulate from an inner circumference to an outer circumference of the optical disc and from the outer circumference to the inner circumference thereof, thereby reducing noise.

Abstract: An LED driving device comprises a PWM IC including an RT/CT terminal operated by a power voltage and generating and outputting a sawtooth wave voltage of a predetermined frequency, a COMP terminal to which a comparison voltage compared with the sawtooth wave voltage is inputted, and an output terminal generating and outputting a pulse signal turned off in a section in which a level of the sawtooth wave voltage is higher than a level of the comparison voltage and turned on in a section in which the level of the sawtooth voltage is lower than the level of the comparison voltage. The LED driving device sets up the comparison voltage inputted to the COMP terminal of the PWM IC to be 0 when an error voltage corresponding to a difference between a both end voltage of an LED array and a predetermined reference voltage is less than a predetermined level.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a substrate and an interconnect region carried by the substrate. A donor layer is coupled to the interconnect region through a bonding interface. An electronic device is formed with the donor layer, wherein the electronic device is formed after the bonding interface is formed. A capacitor is connected to the electronic device so that the electronic device and capacitor operate as a dynamic random access memory device.