Abstract: A method of manufacturing a fixed hologram plate of a light-beam scanning apparatus for diffracting a light incident from a light source portion by a rotatable hologram, scanning by the diffracted light through the rotation of the rotatable hologram, diffracting the resulting light by the fixed hologram plate, and for conducting a light-beam scanning on a scanning surface. The method includes the steps of preparing an interference fringe distribution of the fixed hologram plate by two waves: a first wave having a spherical aberration, a transverse aberration of the first wave is in the Y direction, the transverse wave including an astigmatism and a coma; and a second wave having a spherical aberration and astigmatism, and having a wavelength different from a wavelength of a reconstructing wave that is selected to minimize distortion, wherein a transverse aberration of the second wave is in the X direction.

Abstract: A parallax image generator establishes a plurality of projected regions around a display in predetermined intervals and generates a plurality of parallax images having different parallaxes due to being seen from respective points of view. In addition, pixels of the plurality of parallax images occupying the same position are gathered together in a pixel block, and are mapped to rendering memory corresponding to the display. A parallax image display unit displays mapped images in the rendering memory, projects the light from a pixel toward the projected region corresponding to each parallax image per pixel of the plurality of parallax images in each pixel block, and makes a 3-D image observed by positioning both eyes of an observer in adjacent projected regions and projecting the parallax images.

Abstract: A high-resolution light-beam scanning apparatus utilizing only mass-producible holograms instead of utilizing auxiliary optical systems, and capable of compensating for disadvantages.

Abstract: A light-beam scanning apparatus including a rotatable hologram and a fixed plate, which are provided with diffraction gratings to minimize: either a sum total of values obtained by weighting where a square of an optical path length difference between an optical path of a light flux measured along a principal axis of a light beam incident on and diffracted by a diffraction grating of a rotatable hologram, and incident on and diffracted by a diffraction grating of a fixed plate so as to conduct a scanning and converging on a scanning point on an image formation surface, and an optical path of a light flux measured along a marginal ray distanced from the principal axis; or an absolute value of the optical path difference thereof.

Abstract: An optical scanning system includes a laser source, a deflector deflecting a laser beam emitted from the laser source, and at least two hologram elements located between the deflector and an image forming member.

Abstract: A holographic recording apparatus includes first and second light sources for respectively generating first and second light beams. A mask is located in front of a hologram recording material and has an aperture. Interference fringes are recorded in a hologram cell on the hologram recording material corresponding to the aperture. A movement mechanism supports the hologram recording material masked by the mask and relatively moves the hologram recording material with respect to the mask in predetermined directions so that an interference pattern is formed in an area on the hologram recording material. A spatial frequency changing mechanism changes incident angles of the first and second light beams with respect to the mask.

Abstract: A position of an observer in a stereoscopic observing region is detected by a position detecting unit. A right-eye image and a left-eye image which are seen from the detecting position are formed by an image forming unit and displayed on a display. By setting an aperture position of a projection optical system, the right-eye image is projected to the right-eye position of the observer and the left-eye image is projected to the left-eye position, thereby allowing a stereoscopic image to be observed. Further, an aperture is set so as to project the right-eye image or left-eye image to a position different from the detecting position of the observer, thereby allowing a same image to be seen to both eyes of another observer and allowing a two-dimensional image to be observed.

Abstract: A high-resolution light-beam scanning apparatus including a rotatable hologram and a fixed plate which are diffraction gratings for minimizing either a sum total of values obtained by weighting (1): a square of an optical path length difference between a) an optical path of a light flux measured along a principal axis of a light beam incident on and diffracted by a first diffraction grating of the rotatable hologram, and incident on and diffracted by a second diffraction grating of the fixed plate so as to conduct a scanning and converging on an image formation surface scanning point, and b) an optical path of a light flux measured along a marginal ray distanced from the principal axis, or an absolute value of the optical path difference thereof; or (2) a square of a sum obtained by adding an amount of displacement of a light beam convergent on the scanning point, which displacement is measured along the marginal ray distanced from the principal axis of an incident reconstructing light flux with respect to th

Abstract: A high-resolution light-beam scanning apparatus utilizing only mass-producible holograms instead of utilizing auxiliary optical systems, and capable of compensating for disadvantages.

Abstract: Ink for an ink-jet printer of the present invention includes polyester particles colored with a colorant which are dispersed in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: A high-resolution light-beam scanning apparatus utilizing only mass-producible holograms instead of utilizing auxiliary optical systems, and capable of compensating for disadvantages.

Abstract: A laser beam passes through two holograms or through a hologram twice to reduce the ratio .lambda./d so that P-polarized light, as well as S-polarized light, can be diffracted with high diffraction efficiency and uses a hologram or holograms formed on a base plate and facilitates the separation of a stamper from the base plate in producing replicas of the hologram. A laser beam (5) passes through two holograms formed on a transparent base plate or through a hologram formed on a transparent base plate twice. The ratio .lambda./d, where .lambda. is the wavelength of the laser beam and d is the grating constant of the hologram, is in the range of 0.4 to 1.1.

Abstract: An achromatic hologram optical system for converting a wave front A into a wave front B. Two holograms (H.sub.1 and H.sub.2) are provided. The length of an optical path from an equiphase front of the wave front A to an equiphase front of the wave front B is constant, and each of the two holograms has a curved surface shape.

Abstract: Spherical resin particles having a sharp particle size distribution and a method for producing such particles are disclosed. Resin particles according to this invention contain at least a polyester polymer and a polymer formed from a polymerizable monomer, and have an average diameter (D) of 1 to 500 .mu.m. At least 70% by weight of the particles have a diameter in the range of 0.5 D to 2.0 D. Such resin particles can be produced by swelling polyester-containing seed particles with a polymerizable monomer and then polymerizing the polymerizable monomer in swelled seed particles.

Abstract: Spherical resin particles in micron order with a narrow particle diameter distribution, methods for the production thereof and uses thereof are disclosed. Overcoming various problems comprised in the hitherto-known polymerization granulation methods, resin particles using a condensation polymer in micron order of the present invention having spherical form and narrow particle diameter distribution serve well for various applications.

Abstract: Spherical resin particles having a sharp particle size distribution and a method for producing such particles are disclosed. Resin particles according to this invention contain at least a polyester polymer and a polymer formed from a polymerizable monomer, and have an average diameter (D) of 1 to 500 .mu.m. At least 70% by weight of the particles have a diameter in the range of 0.5 D to 2.0 D. Such resin particles can be produced by swelling polyester-containing seed particles with a polymerizable monomer and then polymerizing the polymerizable monomer in swelled seed particles.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and its manufacturing method are provided in which an epitaxial silicon layer is formed by a selective epitaxial growth method over a semiconductor substrate and a polysilicon layer is formed by an ordinary deposition method on the epitaxial silicon layer and these layers and are formed over a semiconductor device in a continuous process within the same furnace for a CVD apparatus.

Abstract: Spherical resin particles in micron order with a narrow particle diameter distribution, methods for the production thereof and uses thereof are disclosed. Overcoming various problems comprised in the hitherto-known polymerization granulation methods, resin particles using a condensation polymer in micron order of the present invention having spherical form and narrow particle diameter distribution serve well for various applications.

Abstract: Spherical resin particles in micron order with a narrow particle diameter distribution, methods for the production thereof and uses thereof are disclosed. Overcoming various problems comprised in the hitherto-known polymerization granulation methods, resin particles using a condensation polymer in micron order of the present invention having spherical form and narrow particle diameter distribution serve well for various applications.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography which comprises, as a binder resin, a polyester resin obtained from carboxylic acids containing aromatic monomer in a proportion of 80 mol % or more relative to the entire carboxylic acid component, and alcohols containing aliphatic diols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms in a proportion of 70-100 mol % relative to the entire alcohol component and alicyclic alcohols in a proportion of 0-30 mol % relative to the entire alcohol component, and having a specific gravity of 1.3 or more, a glass transition temperature of 58.degree. C. or more, and a number average molecular weight of 1,000-6,000. The toner of the present invention is superior in image characteristics, fixability, storage stability (resistance to blocking), resistance to plasticizer and charge stability.