Abstract: A soil remediation system includes an electrochemical cell that is configured to provide increased mass transfer and a decreased diffusion layer between the electrodes to thereby allow formation of a homogenous lead deposit that is substantially free of dendrite formation and easily removed.

Abstract: A catalyst for production of unsaturated aldehydes, such as methacrolein, by gas phase catalytic oxidation of olefins, such as isobutylene contains oxides of molybdenum, bismuth, iron, cesium and, optionally, other metals, such as tungsten, cobalt, nickel, antimony, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus. The catalyst has a certain relative amount ratio of cesium to bismuth, a certain relative amount ratio of iron to bismuth and a certain relative amount ratio of bismuth, iron and cesium to molybdenum.

Abstract: A process for making a catalyst containing oxides of molybdenum, bismuth, iron, cesium and, optionally, other metals, such as tungsten, cobalt, nickel, antimony, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, thallium, manganese, barium, chromium, boron, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, titanium, cerium, tellurium, tin, vanadium, zirconium, lead, cadmium, copper and niobium wherein metal compounds are dissolved and then precipitated as a catalyst precursor which is calcined to form a mixed metal oxide catalyst. The process of the present invention uses an organic acid, such as acetic acid, instead of nitric acid to dissolve the bismuth compound and, optionally, other metal compounds. The catalyst synthesized by this process may be used for the production of unsaturated aldehydes, such as methacrolein, by gas phase catalytic oxidation of olefins, such as isobutylene.

Abstract: There is described a process and a catalyst for the hydroalkylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, particularly benzene, wherein the catalyst comprises a first metal having hydrogenation activity and a crystalline inorganic oxide material having a X-ray diffraction pattern including the following d-spacing maxima 12.4±0.25, 6.9±0.15, 3.57±0.07 and 3.42±0.07.

Abstract: A process for producing nitrous oxide comprises reacting ammonia with nitric oxide and/or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a Group VIB metal oxide, to produce a reaction mixture comprising nitrous oxide, and optionally recovering the nitrous oxide from the effluent mixture.

Abstract: A novel synthesis composition of a solid acid containing zirconium, in addition to a rare earth element, such as cerium, has the potential for catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons, especially for isomerization of paraffins, ring opening of cyclics, hydrocracking, alkylation, hydrogenation of polynuclear aromatics, selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, and oligomerization of light olefins.

Abstract: There is described a process and a catalyst for the hydroalkylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, particularly benzene, wherein the catalyst comprises a first metal having hydrogenation activity and a crystalline inorganic oxide material having a X-ray diffraction pattern including the following d-spacing maxima 12.4.+-.0.25, 6.9.+-.0.15, 3.57.+-.0.07 and 3.42.+-.0.07.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons. This method includes synthesizing ammonia from natural gas and nitrogen in the presence of a source of hydrogen. The ammonia is converted to nitrous oxide in the presence of a source of oxygen. Methane is coupled in the presence of the nitrous oxide to provide higher hydrocarbons. The invention also discloses a method of balancing reaction heat requirements in a process for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) emissions from an FCC regenerator are reduced by operating the regenerator in partial CO burn mode to produce flue gas with more CO than O.sub.2 and with NO.sub.x precursors. This flue gas is then enriched with controlled amounts of oxygen and charged over catalyst, preferably Group VIII noble metal on a support, to convert most NO.sub.x precursors to nitrogen. Flue gas may then be charged to a CO boiler. Eliminating more than 90% of NO.sub.x emissions is possible by operating the FCC regenerator in partial CO burn mode, then adding air and catalytically converting NO.sub.x precursors at substoichiometric conditions. Conversion of NO.sub.x, if formed in the regenerator, may be achieved as well.

Abstract: There is provided a catalytic method for converting nitrogen oxides to nitrogen (i.e., N.sub.2). The catalyst for this method comprises an acidic solid component comprising a Group IVB metal oxide modified with an oxyanion of a Group VIB metal and further comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IB, Group IVA, Group VB, Group VIIB, Group VIII, and mixtures thereof. An example of this catalyst is zirconia, modified with tungstate, and iron. This method may be used for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides from waste gases, including industrial exhaust gases and automobile exhaust gases. In a particular embodiment, nitrogen oxides in waste gases may be reacted with ammonia before the waste gases are discharged to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A process is described wherein the HCN in FCC hydrocarbon gas streams is converted to NH.sub.3 over a catalyst. This conversion has the desirable result of decreasing the amount of CN.sup.- in the water leaving the sour-water stripper, and ultimately in the refinery water effluent.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment process useful for the removal of nitrogen oxides using an iron containing zeolite as the catalyst and ammonia as a reducing agent. It is desired to extend the effective temperature range for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides below about 400.degree. C. This is accomplished in the instant invention through the use of an intermediate pore size zeolite, such as ZSM-5, based catalyst which has been treated to incorporate iron into its pores.

Abstract: There is provided a catalytic method for converting nitrogen oxides to nitrogen (i.e., N.sub.2). The catalyst for this method comprises an acidic solid component comprising a Group IVB metal oxide modified with an oxyanion of a Group VIB metal. An example of this catalyst is zirconia, modified with tungstate. This method may be used for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides from waste gases, including industrial exhaust gases and automobile exhaust gases. In a particular embodiment, nitrogen oxides in waste gases may be reacted with ammonia before the waste gases are discharged to the atmosphere.

Abstract: Oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) emissions from FCC regenerators in complete CO combustion mode are reduced by degrading regenerator performance to increase the coke on regenerated catalyst. High zeolite content cracking catalyst, regenerated to contain more coke, gives efficient conversion of feed and reduces NO.sub.x emissions from the regenerator. Operating with less catalyst, e.g., 30-60% of the normal amount of catalyst in the bubbling dense bed, can eliminate most NO.sub.x emissions while increasing slightly plant capacity and reducing catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: Oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) emissions from an FCC regenerator are reduced by forcing the regenerator to operate between full and partial CO burn mode. Operating with less than 1 mole % O2 and up to 1 or 2% CO in the flue gas creates conditions which oxidize nitrogen compounds in coke on spent catalyst to NOx, and simultaneously convert NOx in the regenerator to nitrogen. A downstream CO boiler can burn this low CO flue gas without producing large amounts of NOx. Most NOx emissions can be eliminated. An apparatus, with the regenerator air:coke ratio controlled by both CO and O2 analyzers monitoring regenerator flue gas, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A flue gas that contains small amounts of both HCN and NO.sub.x, produced, for example, by catalyst regeneration in the fluid catalytic cracking of a petroleum gas oil, is readily denitrified by the catalyzed reaction that proceeds approximately according to:HCN+NO.fwdarw.N.sub.2 (gas)+CO+CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 OIf the molar ratio of HCN to NO in the flue gas is about 1.0, e.g. in the range of about 0.8 to 1.2, effective denitrification is achieved without first changing the composition of the flue gas by contacting it with catalyst under conversion conditions including elevated temperature. If the molar ratio of HCN to NO exceeds 1.2, the ratio may be adjusted to about 1.0 to 1.1 by thermal or catalytic oxidation in the presence of oxygen gas, followed by catalytic denitrification. If the molar ratio is less than about 0.8, the effective molar ratio is adjusted to about 1.0 to 1.1 by adding NH.sub.3 gas, followed by denitirification.