Abstract: Vinylphenylpropionic acid derivatives; processes for producing the derivatives; polymers of the same; and radiosensitive resin compositions containing the polymers. The above polymers exhibit low radiation absorption and are useful as the resin component of radiosensitive resin compositions particularly suitable for chemically amplified resists. For example, t-butyl 4-vinylphenylpropionate is produced by (1) reacting t-butyl bromoacetate with tri(n-butyl)phosphine to obtain a quaternary phosphonium salt, (2) reacting this salt with a base to obtain a phosphorus ylide, (3) reacting this ylide with 2,4,6-tris(3′,5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxybenzyl)methyl-styrene to obtain a quaternary phosphonium salt, and (4) hydrolyzing this salt.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal aligning agent which can provide a liquid crystal display element having a liquid crystal alignment film provided with alignability for liquid crystal molecules by rubbing without fail and having excellent liquid crystal alignability.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal display is driven by pulse-width modulation. One frame of an input video signal is divided into a plurality of subframes. A first pulse signal is applied to a liquid crystal irrespective of the level of the input video signal. A pulse width of the first pulse signal corresponds to the duration of the subframe. Application of the first pulse signal only does not drive the liquid crystal. A second pulse signal is applied to the liquid crystal in accordance with the level of the input video signal so that second pulses of the second pulse signal are superimposed on the first pulses at the same polarity, to perform pulse-width modulation to the liquid crystal. An average duration P of the subframes and a response time L obtained by adding a rise time and a fall time of the liquid crystal meet the requirements P<L and P≦0.15×L.

Abstract: A raceway surface length of a movable member and a diameter of a rolling body of a motion rolling guide device is determined such that, in a stroke of 2 &kgr; Da of the movable member at which relative positions of the movable member and the respective rolling bodies vary, a ratio (I:I−1) of a range in which number of effective rolling bodies is I and a range of number of effective rolling bodies is I−1 is about 100% to 0% (100%:0%), wherein I=int (2Ux/&kgr; Da+0.5), 2Ux: length of raceway surface of movable member and &kgr; Da: rolling body pitch or retainer pitch.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 14 is composed of a light source 2, a polarizing plate 16A for incident light, a reflective liquid crystal element 8, another polarizing plate 16B for reflected light that is disposed in the cross Nicol relation with the polarizing plate 16A and a phase difference compensating plate 18 disposed between the reflective liquid crystal element 8 and the other polarizing plate 16B. The reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 14 projects a picture image formed in the reflective liquid crystal element 8 on a screen 12 through a projection lens 10. The phase difference compensating plate 18 has no anisotropy in a plane parallel direction and a larger refractive index in the plane parallel direction than another refractive index in the thickness direction, and is disposed with being slightly tilted with respect to the reflective liquid crystal element 8.

Abstract: A thickness of each hologram lens for forming a hologram color filter is set so as to be smaller as the wavelength of light to be diffracted by each hologram lens is shorter. A thin plate glass layer is bonded to a surface of the hologram color filter such that it is in a firm contact therewith by adhesive agent and a sum of the thickness of the thin plate glass layer and thickness of the adhesive agent is smaller than the shortest focal length of the focal lengths in glass of a plurality of the hologram lenses. As a result, light diffracted and divided by the hologram color filter is focused on a picture element electrode of a corresponding color properly thereby eliminating deterioration of color reproduction due to mixing of colors. Further, upon production of the hologram color filter from hologram recording material, an influence of a fringe rotation is compensated.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device using a light source having a bright line in a visible region as a light source. On the inner surface of a transparent substrate such as a glass substrate constituting a liquid crystal display device, a laminate structure constituted by a transparent electrode, an alignment layer, and one or more transparent intermediate layers having a refractive index smaller than that of the transparent electrode layer and larger than that of the liquid crystal layer or the transparent substrate is formed. The thicknesses or the like of the layers are determined such that, at the bright line wavelengths of the light source, the sum of reflectances generated on the layer interfaces of the laminate structure is set to be not more than 0.5%.

Abstract: A raceway surface length of a movable member and a diameter of a rolling body of a motion rolling guide device is determined such that, in a stroke of 2 &kgr; Da of the movable member at which relative positions of the movable member and the respective rolling bodies vary, a ratio (I:I−1) of a range in which number of effective rolling bodies is I and a range of number of effective rolling bodies is I−1 is about 100% to 0% (100%:0%), wherein I=int (2Ux/&kgr; Da+0.5), 2Ux: length of raceway surface of movable member and &kgr; Da: rolling body pitch or retainer pitch.

Abstract: A thickness of each hologram lens for forming a hologram color filter is set so as to be smaller as the wavelength of light to be diffracted by each hologram lens is shorter. A thin plate glass layer is bonded to a surface of the hologram color filter such that it is in a firm contact therewith by adhesive agent and a sum of the thickness of the thin plate glass layer and thickness of the adhesive agent is smaller than the shortest focal length of the focal lengths in glass of a plurality of the hologram lenses. As a result, light diffracted and divided by the hologram color filter is focused on a picture element electrode of a corresponding color properly thereby eliminating deterioration of color reproduction due to mixing of colors. Further, upon production of the hologram color filter from hologram recording material, an influence of a fringe rotation is compensated.

Abstract: A color display apparatus includes a light source for emitting white light, a spectral unit for dispersing the white light into a red (R) light ray, a green (G) light ray, and a blue (B) light ray, and a spatial light modulation device. The spatial light modulation device includes a single hologram lens layer for diffracting and emitting incident light rays in predetermined directions depending on incident angles and wavelength bands and a liquid-crystal panel having a liquid-crystal layer for performing light modulation according to video signals of corresponding colors to light rays admitted through the hologram lens layer to emit the light rays, and color light components of an R light ray, a G light ray, and a B light ray admitted on the spatial light modulation device through the spectral unit are admitted on the hologram lens layer at different incident angles of the respective color light rays.

Abstract: A spatial light modulation device of the type, in which information is written to a photoconductor by a light writing portion and read light impinging on a light modulator is reflected by a reflection portion. This spatial light modulation device is provided with a dielectric mirror mounted on a reflection surface of the photoconductor, which surface is opposed to the other surface on which write light is incident. The reflection surface of the photoconductor reflects lights having wavelengths near a wavelength at which the photoconductor has a maximum sensitivity. Thereby, the spatial light modulation device can have a high sensitivity.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator capable of displaying a good contrast and high resolution moving pictures without an after-image effect is disclosed. The modulator comprises a pair of transparent electrodes for generating an electric field therebetween and at least a photoconductive member and a photo modulation member being laminated and interposed between the transparent electrodes, the photoconductive member is a film having a thickness ranged from 10 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m and is made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon doped with boron such that an amount of the boron with respect to silicon in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon in atomic percent is, 0.1 to 1.0 ppm. To enhance the modulator performance, a thickness of the photoconductive member is so selected to have light absorptance ranged 70% to 95% at a wavelength of a writing light which writes information in the modulator.

Abstract: A dielectric mirror of a spatial light modulator having a photoconductive layer on which an image is written by a writing light carrying an image information and a photomodulator layer through which the written image is read out by irradiating a reading light and by reflecting the reading light with the dielectric mirror. The dielectric mirror is constructed by laminating plural kinds of layers respectively having different values of refractive indexes, for instance, Si layers and SiO.sub.2 layers. The resolution of the spatial light modulator degrades when an oxygen content rate in the Si layers becomes below a certain amount, on the contrary, the contrast ratio of the spatial light modulator degrades when the oxygen content rate in the Si layers becomes above a certain amount. The Si layers of the present invention have an oxygen content rate ranging from 10 to 40 atom %, preferably ranging from 15 to 35 atom %.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator capable of providing high contrast ratio and resolution moving pictures without an after-image effect is disclosed. The spatial light modulator comprises a pair of transparent electrodes for forming a driving electric field therebetween, and at least one photo-modulation member and a photoconductive member laminated between the pair of transparent electrodes, where the photoconductive member comprises a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film having thickness of 10 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m, and is doped with boron as such that an amount of the boron in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon film in atomic ratio with respect to silicon therein is 0.1 ppm to 1 ppm.

Abstract: Spatial light modulator of reflective type having a laminated structure of multiple layers comprising a photoconductive layer on which an information carried by an incident writing light is written, a photomodulation layer which modulates an incident reading light correspondingly with the written information and a composite film made of insulation material and light-blocking material which are chemically non-reactive each other, the composite film is interposed between the photoconductive layer and the photomodulation layer to block the incident reading light passing through the photomodulation layer. The composite film may be formed by evaporating simultaneously an insulation material of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and a light-blocking material of Ge from the respective material sources within a vacuum chamber of physical vapor deposition.

Abstract: A homeotropic-alignment liquid crystal display device having a high photostability and a high contrast ratio and a method of producing the same are disclosed, wherein while two glass substrates having patterned transparent electrodes are set obliquely at a first angle with respect to an evaporation source, then a first SiO.sub.2 film is deposited on each of the glass substrates while irradiating the glass substrates with an ion beam emitted from an ion gun. Subsequently, the glass substrates are turned in their planes over an angle of 90 degrees and set obliquely at a second angle with respect to the evaporation source, and thereafter, a second SiO.sub.2 film is deposited on the respective first SiO.sub.2 films while irradiating the first SiO.sub.2 film with the ion beam. The first and second SiO.sub.2 films thus deposited on the glass substrates jointly form homeotropic-alignment undercoat films.

Abstract: There is provided an optical image processor for forming a charge image according to a first optical image by photoelectric effect when illuminated with an electro-magnetic radiation beam for writing carrying the first optical image and forming, in accordance with the charge image, a second optical image correlating with the first optical image by light-modulation when illuminated with an electro-magnetic radiation beam for reading, in the presence of an electric field. The processor comprises a plurality of photoconductive segments two-dimensionally arranged with a space among the photoconductive segments for forming the charge image when illuminated with the electro-magnetic radiation beam for writing and a high resistive member provided in the space for preventing transfer of electric charges of the formed charge image among the photoconductive segments.

Abstract: An information recording medium includes a first transparent electrode, and a carrier transport layer formed on the first transparent electrode for generating an electric current on the basis of fed carriers. A carrier generation layer formed on the carrier transport layer serves to generate carriers corresponding to a distribution of an intensity of incident information-writing light containing information, and serves to feed the generated carriers to the carrier transport layer. An electric power supply electrically connected to the first transparent electrode serves to generate an electric field corresponding to the distribution of the intensity of the incident information-writing light in cooperation with the carrier transport layer and the carrier generation layer.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method of repairing cracks, which is characterized in that, in injecting a repairing agent such as resin or the like into cracks occurring in an object to be repaired such as concrete, a masonry joint or the like, injection pressure of the repairing agent gradually increases after start-up of injection of the repairing agent and, further, the injection pressure is maintained substantially constant for a predetermined period of time after the injection pressure has reached a predetermined pressure, whereby the repairing agent is sufficiently spread into the cracks. Furthermore, the invention discloses a method of repairing cracks, in which the crack cavities are evacuated simultaneously with injection of the repairing agent, whereby the repairing agent is filled up in the cracks further efficiently.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator having first and second electrodes, and a photoconductive layer member, a photo-modulation layer member and a reflecting member interposed between the first and second electrodes. The photo-modulation layer member is composed of a composite layer of polymer and liquid crystal material dispersed in the polymer. The reflecting member includes a light-absorbing layer.