Abstract: According to an embodiment, a porous catalyst layer includes a metal portion including plural noble metal-including sheets stacked apart from each other, and a porous nanocarbon layer disposed between two adjacent noble metal-including sheets. The plural noble metal-including sheets in the metal portion have an integrated portion. The porous nanocarbon layer includes fibrous nanocarbon.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure aim to provide a catalyst layer ensuring a high cell voltage and having both excellent robustness and sufficient endurance, and also to provide a process for producing the layer, a membrane electrode assembly and an electrochemical cell. The catalyst layer comprises two or more noble metal-containing layers, and a porous ceramic layer placed between the noble metal-containing layers. Further, in the catalyst layer, voids exist between the porous ceramic layer and the noble metal-containing layers.

Abstract: An electrode of an embodiment includes a base material, and a catalyst layer provided on the base material and having a porous structure. When a sum of heights of all peaks belonging to Ir oxide is I0, the height of a peak of IrO2 (110) is I1, and the height of a peak of IrO2 (211) is I2, a ratio of (I1+I2)/I0, which is a ratio of spectra obtained by X-ray diffraction measurements using K? rays of Cu in the catalyst layer, is 50% or more and 100% or less in a range of a diffraction angle of 20 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, the noble metal catalyst layer includes first noble metal layer and a second noble metal layer formed on the first noble metal layer. The first noble metal layer includes a first noble metal element and has a porosity of 65 to 95 vol. %, a volume of pores having a diameter of 5 to 80 nm accounts for 50% or more of a volume of total pores in the first noble metal layer. The second noble metal layer includes a second noble metal element, and has an average thickness of 3 to 20 nm and a porosity of 50 vol. % or less.

Abstract: An electrode of an embodiment includes a substrate, an intermediate layer provided on the substrate, and a catalyst layer provided on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer is a mixture that includes two or more substances among a compound, and single element of noble metal or an alloy including noble metal. In a composition ratio of the mixture, a composition ratio of the intermediate layer in the vicinity of an interface between the substrate and the intermediate layer is different from a composition ratio of the intermediate layer in the vicinity of an interface between the catalyst layer and the intermediate layer.

Abstract: An electrode of an embodiment includes a base material, and a catalyst layer provided on the base material and having a porous structure. When a sum of heights of all peaks belonging to Ir oxide is I0, the height of a peak of IrO2 (110) is T1, and the height of a peak of IrO2 (211) is I2, a ratio of (I1+I2)/I0, which is a ratio of spectra obtained by X-ray diffraction measurements using K? rays of Cu in the catalyst layer, is 50% or more and 100% or less in a range of a diffraction angle of 20 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less.

Abstract: A carbon electrode of an embodiment includes: a graphene having a graphene skeleton, carbon atoms in the graphene skeleton being partially substituted by a nitrogen atom, wherein the graphene contains an oxygen atom, and the carbon electrode is doped with a cation.

Abstract: An oxygen reduction catalyst of an embodiment includes: a stack of single-layer graphenes; and a phosphorus compound, wherein some of carbon atoms of the graphenes are replaced by nitrogen atoms, and the phosphorus compound has a peak of phosphorus 2p orbital of 133.0 to 134.5 eV in X-ray photoelectron spectrum.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly, including: forming a catalyst layer precursor containing a mixture of a catalyst material and a pore-forming material on a substrate having a flatness of 60% or more; removing the pore-forming material from the catalyst layer precursor on the substrate, thereby forming a catalyst layer containing the catalyst material and having a porosity of 20 to 90% by volume; transferring the catalyst layer from the substrate to a gas diffusion layer, to provide an electrode; and bonding the catalyst layer of the electrode to an electrolyte membrane, to provide a membrane electrode assembly.

Abstract: A catalyst layer containing a catalyst material, the catalyst layer having a porosity of 20 to 90% by vol and satisfying a relation: R1?R0×1.2, wherein R1 is an alignment ratio of the catalyst layer; and R0 is an alignment ratio of the catalyst material in powder form having a random crystalline plane distribution, and each of the alignment ratios is calculated from a X-ray diffraction spectrum having a diffraction angle 2? range from 10 to 90 degree measured using Cu-K?-rays.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a conductive material includes a carbon substance and a metallic substance mixed with and/or laminated to the carbon substance. The carbon substance has at least one dimension of 200 nm or less. The carbon substance includes a graphene selected from single-layered graphene and multi-layered graphene, a part of carbon atoms constituting the graphene is substituted with a nitrogen atom. The metallic substance includes at least one of a metallic particle and a metallic wire.

Abstract: A carbon electrode of an embodiment includes: a graphene having a graphene skeleton, carbon atoms in the graphene skeleton being partially substituted by a nitrogen atom, wherein the graphene contains an oxygen atom, and the carbon electrode is doped with a cation.

Abstract: An oxygen reduction catalyst of an embodiment includes: a stack of single-layer graphenes; and a phosphorus compound, wherein some of carbon atoms of the graphenes are replaced by nitrogen atoms, and the phosphorus compound has a peak of phosphorus 2p orbital of 133.0 to 134.5 eV in X-ray photoelectron spectrum.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, the noble metal catalyst layer includes first noble metal layer and a second noble metal layer formed on the first noble metal layer. The first noble metal layer includes a first noble metal element and has a porosity of 65 to 95 vol. %, a volume of pores having a diameter of 5 to 80 nm accounts for 50% or more of a volume of total pores in the first noble metal layer. The second noble metal layer includes a second noble metal element, and has an average thickness of 3 to 20 nm and a porosity of 50 vol. % or less.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a catalyst layer containing a catalyst material. The catalyst layer satisfying requirements below: a porosity of 20 to 90% by vol; and a relation R1?R0×1.2. In the above inequality, R1 represents an alignment ratio of the catalyst layer and R0 represents an alignment ratio of the catalyst material in powder form having a random crystalline plane distribution, and each of the alignment ratios is calculated from a X-ray diffraction spectrum having a diffraction angle 2? range from 10 to 90 degree measured using Cu-K?-rays.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly efficient light-extraction layer and an organic electroluminescence element excellent in light-extraction efficiency. The light-extraction layer of the present invention comprises a reflecting layer and a three-dimensional diffraction layer formed thereon. The diffraction layer comprises fine particles having a variation coefficient of the particle diameter of 10% or less and of a matrix having a refractive index different from that of the fine particles. The particles have a volume fraction of 50% or more based on the volume of the diffraction layer. The particles are arranged to form first areas having short-distance periodicity, and the first areas are disposed and adjacent to each other in random directions to form second areas. The organic electroluminescence element of the present invention comprises the above light-extraction layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for easily producing a particle-arranged structure. In the structure produced by the method, particles are regularly arranged. The method of the present invention comprises: preparing a dispersion comprising a solvent, a polymerizable compound dissolved in the solvent and particles insoluble and dispersed uniformly in the solvent; spin-coating the dispersion on a substrate so as to arrange the particles in the liquid phase of the dispersion; and then curing the polymerizable compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly efficient light-extraction layer and an organic electroluminescence element excellent in light-extraction efficiency. The light-extraction layer of the present invention comprises a reflecting layer and a three-dimensional diffraction layer formed thereon. The diffraction layer comprises fine particles having a variation coefficient of the particle diameter of 10% or less and of a matrix having a refractive index different from that of the fine particles. The particles have a volume fraction of 50% or more based on the volume of the diffraction layer. The particles are arranged to form first areas having short-distance periodicity, and the first areas are disposed and adjacent to each other in random directions to form second areas. The organic electroluminescence element of the present invention comprises the above light-extraction layer.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the invention, a contact sheet for testing electronic parts, comprising an insulating porous layer; and a connection electrode which is disposed on the insulating porous layer and electrically connect the electrode or terminal of the electronic parts and the terminal of a test apparatus; wherein the connection electrode is embedded below at least one main surface of the insulating porous layer.

Abstract: An electronic device connecting method according to a first aspect of the present invention includes: mounting an electronic device having at least one electrode portion on a sheet-like porous member having a hole therein so that the electrode portion is close to the porous member; selectively irradiating a predetermined region of the porous member, on which the electronic device is mounted, with energy lines to form a latent image in an irradiated or non-irradiated portion of the porous member, the predetermined region including a portion close to the electrode portion; after irradiating with the energy lines, filling a conductive material in a hole of the latent image of the porous member to form a conductive portion; and bonding and integrating the porous member, in which the conductive portion is formed, to and with the electronic device.