Abstract: A voltage detector detects a voltage developing in a selected area of an object such as an integrated circuit by utilizing an electro-optic material equipped in an optical probe. A change in refractive index of the electro-optic material which is caused by the voltage in the object, is detected as a change of polarization of a light beam passing through the electro-optic material. In order to stably trigger a streak camera, the first reference light split before entering the electro-optic material and the second reference light split after emerging from the electro-optic material are used in the form of the difference in intensity between the two reference light beams for generating a trigger signal supplied to the streak camera.

Abstract: A voltage detector detects a voltage developing in a selected area of an object such as an integrated circuit by utilizing an electro-optic material equipped in an optical probe. A change in refractive index of the electro-optic material which is caused by the voltage in the object, is detected as a change of polarization of a light beam passing through the electro-optic material. In order to improve the detection sensitivity the voltage detector is equipped with an optical means for making light paths of an input light and an output light different from each other.

Abstract: An apparatus for optically observing a wavefront from an object on real-time basis to determine an optical characteristic of the object and observing two-dimensional images at positions taken in the direction of the depth of a three-dimensional object, that is, equidistant images on real-time basis, using four-wave mixing technique.

Abstract: A CPM pulse laser device is provided which has a means for emitting pulses in two separate directions. A return system is provided for returning one of the pulses to the laser resonator in such a manner that the returned pulse is superposed on the other pulse which was propagated in the other direction. The return system preferably includes a total reflecting mirror or a nonlinear crystal. The position of the total reflecting mirror or nonlinear crystal is precisely adjusted to create the superposition.