Abstract: The invention describes a vitamin receptor binding drug delivery conjugate, and preparations therefor. The drug delivery conjugate consists of a vitamin receptor binding moiety, a bivalent linker (L), and a drug. The vitamin receptor binding moiety includes vitamins, and vitamin receptor binding analogs and derivatives thereof, and the drug includes analogs and derivatives thereof. The vitamin receptor binding moiety is covalently linked to the bivalent linker, and the drug, or the analog or the derivative thereof, is covalently linked to the bivalent linker, wherein the bivalent linker (L) includes components such as spacer linkers, releasable linkers, and heteroatom linkers, and combinations thereof. Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for eliminating pathogenic cell populations using the drug delivery conjugate are also described.

Abstract: A method for alkylation of an anhydrosugar compound in which a dialkyl carbonate is reacted with an anhydrosugar compound in the presence of a solid phase basic catalyst. A typical anhydrosugar compound is anhydrosugar alcohol, a dianhydromonoether and mixtures thereof. The reaction step uses zeolyte as the solid phase basic catalyst. The zeolite catalyst is typically a zeolite having ammonium groups. The reaction is carried out at a temperature below 240° C. and the reaction time is 2 hours or less.

Abstract: Bivalent linkers derived from compounds of formulae (V), (VI), and (VII), where X1 and X2 are leaving groups and the other variables are as defined in the claims, to be included in or for preparing vitamin, drug, diagnostic agent, and/or imaging agent conjugates are described.

Abstract: A method of producing substantially pure HMF, HMF esters and other derivatives from a carbohydrate source by contacting the carbohydrate source with a solid phase catalyst. A carbohydrate starting material is heated in a solvent in a column and continuously flowed through a solid phase catalyst in the presence of an organic acid, or heated with the organic acid and a solid catalyst in solution to form a HMF ester. Heating without organic acid forms HMF. The resulting product is purified by filtration to remove the unreacted starting materials and catalyst. The HMF ester or a mixture of HMF and HMF ester may then be oxidized to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) by combining the HMF ester with an organic acid, cobalt acetate, manganese acetate and sodium bromide under pressure. Alternatively, the HMF ester may be reduced to form a furan or tetrahydrofuran diol.

Abstract: Permeability of a porous, sheet-like sample is determined using a device that is designed to measure the pressure differential between a first stream of fluid applied across an entire thickness of a test sample and a second stream of fluid applied across an entire thickness of a reference sample. The flow rate for both the test fluid flow system and the reference fluid flow system is determined independently, by measuring a pressure drop throughout the flow system. Data obtained from pressure and flow rate for test and reference fluids are used to calculate percent change in permeability and/or actual permeability using Darcy's Law.

Abstract: Permeability of a porous, sheet-like sample is determined using a device that is designed to measure the pressure differential between a first stream of fluid applied across an entire thickness of a test sample and a second stream of fluid applied across an entire thickness of a reference sample. The flow rate for both the test fluid flow system and the reference fluid flow system is determined independently, by measuring a pressure drop throughout the flow system. Data obtained from pressure and flow rate for test and reference fluids are used to calculate percent change in permeability and/or actual permeability using Darcy's Law.