Abstract: The present invention provides a hard coat film having excellent adhesion to a hard coat layer when a cycloolefin polymer film is used as a base material. The hard coat film of the present invention comprises a hard coat layer containing an ionizing radiation curable resin laminated on at least one surface of a cycloolefin polymer base film through a primer layer. This primer layer contains a modified polyolefin resin in which a polyolefin resin is graft-modified with an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, and a (meth)acrylic acid ester. In this modified polyolefin resin, the graft weight of the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is 0.4 to 7 wt. % when the amount of the modified polyolefin resin is taken as 100 wt. %.

Abstract: A vehicle object detection system for detecting a target object in a detection area located behind and/or lateral of a subject vehicle, that is configured to generate a judgement on whether a target object which has been detected in the detection area is an alert object, to output the judgement to warning means which is configured to output a warning to a driver of the subject vehicle based on the judgement indicating that the target object is an alert object, and to generate the judgement based on: one or more positions of one or more other objects other than the target object being detected to be located between the target object and the subject vehicle, and a time period during which the target object is detected, being smaller than a specified period of time.

Abstract: A vehicle object detection system configured to generate a judgement on whether a target object which has been detected in the detection area is an alert object, and to output the judgement to a warning which is configured to output a warning to a driver of the subject vehicle based on the judgement indicating that the target object is an alert object, wherein system is configured to generate the judgement based on at least one of a comparison of a difference between a relative speed of the target object with respect to the subject vehicle and an absolute speed of the target object in a transverse direction of the subject vehicle with a specified range, and a comparison of an estimated arrival position of the target object, which is a position the target object is estimated to reach in the detection area in a specific period of time.

Abstract: A vacuum processing apparatus includes a decompressable process container; a supply port configured to supply, to the process container, an ionic liquid that absorbs an oxidizing gas; and a discharge port configured to discharge the ionic liquid supplied to the process container. A recess is provided at a joint portion between members constituting the process container. The supply port is configured to supply the ionic liquid to the recess, and the discharge port is configured to discharge the ionic liquid supplied to the recess.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1): 75? tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein the loss tangents (tan ?) and peak intensities (PI) are as defined herein.

Abstract: There is provided a copolymer containing tetrafluoroethylene unit and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit, wherein the copolymer has a content of perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit of 2.51 to 2.92 mol % with respect to the whole of the monomer units, a melt flow rate at 372° C. of 19.0 to 33.0 g/10 min, and the number of functional groups of 50 or less per 106 main-chain carbon atoms.

Abstract: There is provided a copolymer containing tetrafluoroethylene unit and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit, wherein the copolymer has a content of perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit of 2.26 to 2.75 mol % with respect to the whole of the monomer units, a melt flow rate at 372° C. of 4.0 to 11.0 g/10 min, and the number of functional groups of 50 or less per 106 main-chain carbon atoms.

Abstract: A sensor authentication registration system includes: sensors for detecting a state quantity of a sensing target device; and setting device that stores installation information for each of the sensors. A radio wave intensity measurement unit that measures intensity of a radio wave in wireless communication is provided to at least one of the sensors or the setting device. The setting device can perform an authentication operation to store the installation information when the presence of a sensor, the installation information of which is not stored, is detected and the radio wave intensity is equal to or higher than a threshold value. A data collection system includes: sensors; and data collection device that stores installation information for each of the sensors and receives state quantities detected by the sensors via wireless communication.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in a solvent to produce the fluoropolymer. The solvent contains a fluorine-containing ether compound (1) represented by formula:R1—O—R2 wherein R1 represents a partially fluorinated alkyl group, and R2 represents a non-fluorinated alkyl group, a partially fluorinated alkyl group, or a completely fluorinated alkyl group, and in the solvent, a content of a fluorine-containing olefin compound (2) represented by formula:R3—CF?CF—R4—O—R2 wherein R3 represents H, F, a partially fluorinated alkyl group, or a completely fluorinated alkyl group, R4 represents a single bond, a partially fluorinated alkylene group, or a completely fluorinated alkylene group, and R2 is the same as described above, is 1.00% by mass or less based on a content of the fluorine-containing ether compound (1), and wherein the fluoromonomer is selected from tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, and vinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein the loss tangents (tan?) and peak intensities (PI) are as defined herein.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1), wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein tan ?(60), tan ?(5), PIA, PIB, PIC, PID, PIE, PIF, PIG and PIH are as defined in the specification. Also disclosed is a molded article obtained by molding the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and an electric wire including a core and a coat formed from the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1), wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225 ??(1) PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60 ??(2) wherein tan ?(60), tan ?(5), PIA, PIB, PIC, PID, PIE, PIF, PIG and PIH are as defined in the specification. Also disclosed is a molded article obtained by molding the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and an electric wire including a core and a coat formed from the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

Abstract: Provided is a solar cell comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; a perovskite photoabsorber layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first semiconductor layer located between the first electrode and the photoabsorber layer; and a second semiconductor layer located between the second electrode and the photoabsorber layer. At least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode is light-transmissive. The first semiconductor layer contains Li. The second semiconductor layer contains LiN(SO2CF3)2. The second semiconductor layer contains poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]. In the second semiconductor layer, a molar ratio of LiN(SO2CF3)2 to poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] is not less than 0.15 and not more than 0.26.

Abstract: Provided is a solar cell comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; a perovskite photoabsorber layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first semiconductor layer located between the first electrode and the photoabsorber layer; and a second semiconductor layer located between the second electrode and the photoabsorber layer. At least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode is light-transmissive. The first semiconductor layer contains Li. The second semiconductor layer contains LiN(SO2CF3)2. The second semiconductor layer contains poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]. In the second semiconductor layer, a molar ratio of LiN(SO2CF3)2 to poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] is not less than 0.15 and not more than 0.26.

Abstract: When an electrode (29) such as a grid applied with a negative voltage is installed in front of an objective lens (23), low energy electrons among secondary electrons (25) generated from a sample (24) by an electron beam or the like is reflected by the electrode to come into a detector (22) installed in the sample (24) side, while electrons of higher energy are not detected, since they are not reflected by the electrode. Accordingly, since only the electrons of lower energy of the secondary electrons can be detected by discriminating the secondary electrons by the energy, it is possible to obtain a detection signal, e.g., rich in the information on the surface state of the sample.

Abstract: An electric power steering apparatus includes a motor for applying assist torque to a vehicle steering mechanism and a controller, which controls driving of the motor to cause the assist torque to follow an assist command value. The controller calculates a basic assist command value based on steering torque applied to the steering mechanism and corrects the basic assist command value using a correction value, thereby setting the assist command value. If the steering torque has an absolute value greater than a threshold value when the vehicle is in a straight-line traveling state, the controller sets the correction value such that the absolute value of the steering torque is reduced. If the steering torque has an absolute value less than the threshold value when the vehicle is in a straight-line traveling state, the controller sets the correction value such that the absolute value of the assist command value is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a method of producing a fluoropolymer, especially a fluoropolymer essentially including a tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene unit, at a higher polymerization rate with improved efficiency, the method being capable of improving the moldability in extrusion molding and suppressing discoloration. The method of producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention includes producing a fluoropolymer by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene in the presence of a peroxydicarbonate. The peroxydicarbonate is represented by the formula: R—O—C(?O)—O—O—C(?O)—O—R wherein R's may be the same as or different from each other and individually represent a C4 alkyl group or alkoxy alkyl group.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an ETFE film having excellent transparency and heat resistance and cost efficiency. The present invention relates to a film including a copolymer containing an ethylene unit, a tetrafluoroethylene unit, and a (fluoroalkyl)ethylene unit represented by Formula (1): CH2?CX—Rf??(1) wherein X represents H or F, and Rf represents a fluoroalkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, the copolymer containing the (fluoroalkyl)ethylene unit in an amount of 0.8 to 2.5 mol % relative to the amount of all the monomer units and containing the ethylene unit and the tetrafluoroethylene unit at a molar ratio of 30.0/70.0 to 50.0/50.0, the film having a crystallinity of 68% or less, the crystallinity being calculated on the basis of a diffraction intensity curve of the film resulting from X-ray diffraction measurement.

Abstract: When an electrode (29) such as a grid applied with a negative voltage is installed in front of an objective lens (23), low energy electrons among secondary electrons (25) generated from a sample (24) by an electron beam or the like is reflected by the electrode to come into a detector (22) installed in the sample (24) side, while electrons of higher energy are not detected, since they are not reflected by the electrode. Accordingly, since only the electrons of lower energy of the secondary electrons can be detected by discriminating the secondary electrons by the energy, it is possible to obtain a detection signal, e.g., rich in the information on the surface state of the sample.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode positioned to face the first electrode, a porous titanium oxide layer on a surface of the first electrode facing the second electrode, a first hole transport layer between the porous titanium oxide layer and the second electrode, and a second hole transport layer between the first hole transport layer and the second electrode. The porous titanium oxide layer contains a porous titanium oxide that supports a photosensitizer. The first hole transport layer contains a first redox substance. The second hole transport layer contains a second redox substance. The second redox substance has a redox potential more negative than that of the first redox substance by 0.5 V or more.