Abstract: A management device includes: an acquisition unit that acquires change information from which a change in an operational state of one or more functional units included in an onboard network is discernible, and from which a change in a state of use of a transmission path in the onboard network by the functional units is discernible; and a setting change unit that performs setting change to change settings for the onboard network based on the change information acquired by the acquisition unit.

Abstract: An access control apparatus (2000) acquires a request (20) for access to data stored in a first storage apparatus 30. The access control apparatus (2000) acquires privilege information (70) from a blockchain storage (40). The privilege information (70) represents access privilege pertaining to access to the first storage apparatus (30). The access control apparatus (2000) determines whether requested access is within a range of the access privilege of a target entity (10) being a subject of the request (20), by using the privilege information (70) of the target entity (10). When it is determined that the access is within the range of the access privilege of the target entity (10), the access control apparatus (2000) executes the access.

Abstract: An adsorption evaluation apparatus includes a measurement unit and an evaluation unit. The measurement unit irradiates a porous framework being an evaluation object with a terahertz wave, and performs measurement of a refractive index or a real part of a complex permittivity of the porous framework based on the terahertz wave which interacted with the porous framework. The evaluation unit performs evaluation of adsorption of a substance on the porous framework based on the refractive index or the real part of the complex permittivity of the porous framework measured by the measurement unit.

Abstract: A management device includes: a specification information acquisition unit configured to acquire specification information indicating a specification of a configuration of an in-vehicle network; a state information acquisition unit configured to acquire state information indicating an assembly state, in the in-vehicle network, of a plurality of in-vehicle devices forming the in-vehicle network; and a comparison unit configured to compare the specification indicated by the specification information acquired by the specification information acquisition unit with the assembly state indicated by the state information acquired by the state information acquisition unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a photoconductor; a developing device; a developer storage; a supplier configured to supply developer; an optical sensor; and a controller configured to execute: a developing process of developing an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor; a usage-amount obtaining process of obtaining a usage amount of the developer; a supplying process of supplying the developer to the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold; and a detecting process of detecting, by the optical sensor, an amount of the developer in the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a second threshold larger than the first threshold, and wherein the controller is configured to execute the detecting process in a period different from a period in which the developing process is being executed.

Abstract: An in-vehicle control device is installed in a vehicle and comprises a control unit performing control related to communication between a first in-vehicle device and a second in-vehicle device via an in-vehicle network. The control unit generates setting information of the in-vehicle network according to a state of the vehicle, derives a required time period required to change a network setting according to the setting information in the first in-vehicle device, derives a required time period required to change a network setting according to the setting information in the second in-vehicle device, and performs a setting change instruction on at least one of the network setting in the first in-vehicle device and the network setting in the second in-vehicle device so that the derived two required time periods at least partially overlap with each other.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus (100) includes a position information acquisition unit (102) that acquires position information of a customer, and an order reception unit (104) that receives an order for product purchase by the customer at a virtual store, when the position information satisfies a criterion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a housing; a photoconductor; a developing unit configured to form a developer image on the photoconductor; a developer cartridge storing developer, the cartridge being removably mountable on the housing, a supplier configured to supply the developer from the developer cartridge to the developing unit; and a controller configured to execute a first printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer supplied from the developer cartridge, when the developer cartridge is being mounted on the housing, and a second printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer remaining in the developing unit, when a usage amount of the developing unit is not less than a predetermined value and the developer cartridge is not being mounted on the housing, wherein the controller does not execute the second printing process when the usage amount is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a photoconductor; a developing device; a developer storage; a supplier configured to supply developer; an optical sensor; and a controller configured to execute: a developing process of developing an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor; a usage-amount obtaining process of obtaining a usage amount of the developer; a supplying process of supplying the developer to the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold; and a detecting process of detecting, by the optical sensor, an amount of the developer in the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a second threshold larger than the first threshold, and wherein the controller is configured to execute the detecting process in a period different from a period in which the developing process is being executed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a housing; a photoconductor; a developing unit configured to form a developer image on the photoconductor; a developer cartridge storing developer, the cartridge being removably mountable on the housing, a supplier configured to supply the developer from the developer cartridge to the developing unit; and a controller configured to execute a first printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer supplied from the developer cartridge, when the developer cartridge is being mounted on the housing, and a second printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer remaining in the developing unit, when a usage amount of the developing unit is not less than a predetermined value and the developer cartridge is not being mounted on the housing, wherein the controller does not execute the second printing process when the usage amount is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: The optical element for a low frequency band includes a substrate including a first main face and a second main face, the substrate having birefringence, and an antireflection film located on the first main face, wherein the low frequency band is lower than a reststrahlen band of the antireflection film, wherein an absolute value of a difference between a first refractive index and a second refractive index of the substrate in the low frequency band is 0.2 or more, and wherein a thickness of the substrate is 15 ?m or more and 4000 ?m or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a photoconductor; a developing device; a developer storage; a supplier configured to supply developer; an optical sensor; and a controller configured to execute: a developing process of developing an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor; a usage-amount obtaining process of obtaining a usage amount of the developer; a supplying process of supplying the developer to the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold; and a detecting process of detecting, by the optical sensor, an amount of the developer in the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a second threshold larger than the first threshold, and wherein the controller is configured to execute the detecting process in a period different from a period in which the developing process is being executed.

Abstract: An access control apparatus (2000) acquires a request (20) for access to data stored in a first storage apparatus 30. The access control apparatus (2000) acquires privilege information (70) from a blockchain storage (40). The privilege information (70) represents access privilege pertaining to access to the first storage apparatus (30). The access control apparatus (2000) determines whether requested access is within a range of the access privilege of a target entity (10) being a subject of the request (20), by using the privilege information (70) of the target entity (10). When it is determined that the access is within the range of the access privilege of the target entity (10), the access control apparatus (2000) executes the access.

Abstract: A spectroscopic measurement device includes: a light source unit configured to output pump light and probe light; a terahertz wave generation unit configured to generate a terahertz wave by the input of the pump light; a terahertz wave detection unit to which the terahertz wave and the probe light are input and configured to modulate the probe light based on a refractive index that changes due to an electro-optical effect according to the input of the terahertz wave; and a light detection unit configured to detect the probe light modulated by the terahertz wave detection unit. A main body unit is configured to include the light source unit and the light detection unit. A measurement unit is configured to include the terahertz wave generation unit and the terahertz wave detection unit. The main body unit and the measurement unit are optically connected to each other by a polarization maintaining fiber.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a photoconductor; a developing device; a developer storage; a supplier configured to supply developer; an optical sensor; and a controller configured to execute: a developing process of developing an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor; a usage-amount obtaining process of obtaining a usage amount of the developer; a supplying process of supplying the developer to the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold; and a detecting process of detecting, by the optical sensor, an amount of the developer in the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a second threshold larger than the first threshold, and wherein the controller is configured to execute the detecting process in a period different from a period in which the developing process is being executed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a housing; a photoconductor; a developing unit configured to form a developer image on the photoconductor; a developer cartridge storing developer, the cartridge being removably mountable on the housing, a supplier configured to supply the developer from the developer cartridge to the developing unit; and a controller configured to execute a first printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer supplied from the developer cartridge, when the developer cartridge is being mounted on the housing, and a second printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer remaining in the developing unit, when a usage amount of the developing unit is not less than a predetermined value and the developer cartridge is not being mounted on the housing, wherein the controller does not execute the second printing process when the usage amount is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a housing; a photoconductor; a developing unit configured to form a developer image on the photoconductor; a developer cartridge storing developer, the cartridge being removably mountable on the housing, a supplier configured to supply the developer from the developer cartridge to the developing unit; and a controller configured to execute a first printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer supplied from the developer cartridge, when the developer cartridge is being mounted on the housing, and a second printing process of forming a developer image by use of the developer remaining in the developing unit, when a usage amount of the developing unit is not less than a predetermined value and the developer cartridge is not being mounted on the housing, wherein the controller does not execute the second printing process when the usage amount is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a photoconductor; a developing device; a developer storage; a supplier configured to supply developer; an optical sensor; and a controller configured to execute: a developing process of developing an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor; a usage-amount obtaining process of obtaining a usage amount of the developer; a supplying process of supplying the developer to the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a first threshold; and a detecting process of detecting, by the optical sensor, an amount of the developer in the developing device every time when the obtained usage amount becomes equal to or greater than a second threshold larger than the first threshold, and wherein the controller is configured to execute the detecting process in a period different from a period in which the developing process is being executed.

Abstract: A cooling system includes multiple heat exchangers, a shutter, and a controller. The controller determines whether an amount of air flowing to the other heat exchanger needs to be increased and controls an opening degree of the shutter in a closing direction to reduce an amount of air flowing to a specified heat exchanger and increase an amount of air flowing to another heat exchanger upon determining that the amount of air flowing to the other heat exchanger needs to be increased.

Abstract: A toner cartridge is mountable on a developing device including a developing roller. The developing device develops an electrostatic latent image formed on a photo conductor. The toner cartridge includes a housing in which toner is stored, and an auger rotatable and configured to supply the toner in the housing to the developing device. In a case where the developing device is installed on an image forming apparatus in a state in which the toner cartridge is mounted on the developing device, rotation of the auger is started before formation of the electrostatic latent image corresponding to a sheet is started, based on a signal indicating that the image forming apparatus detects the sheet.