Abstract: A glass container has a faceplate, a side tube, and a bottom. A photocathode is formed on the inner side of the faceplate. The glass container includes a first dynode, a second dynode, a screen focusing electrode, a dynode array, and an anode. The screen focusing electrode consists of a first screen, a second screen, a flat plate, and an aperture. The first screen is provided on the first dynode side of the aperture and extends across the lower end of the first dynode towards the photocathode. The second screen is provided on the second dynode side of the aperture and extends across the lower end of the second dynode towards the photocathode. A Venetian blind type is provided as the dynode array. The first dynode, the second dynode, the dynode array, and the anode are maintained at the potential which is higher than that of the photocathode. Electrons emitted from the photocathode in response to incident light thereon efficiently impinge on the dynodes regardless of where the electrons are emitted.

Abstract: An ion detector includes an ion input face, a Faraday cup, an ion-to-electron converter dynode, two ion deflection electrodes, an electron multiplier portion, and an anode. The ion input face is formed with an ion input opening. The Faraday cup has an ion collection surface that confronts the ion input opening. The ion-to-electron converter dynode is disposed to one side with respect to the Faraday cup and the ion input opening and has a conversion surface that converts impinging ions into electrons. The two ion deflection electrodes generate an electron lens that attracts and focuses ions from the ion input opening toward the conversion surface of the ion-to-electron converter dynode. The electron multiplier portion receives and multiplies the electrons from the ion-to-electron converter dynode, and includes a plurality of dynodes that multiply electrons one after the other. The plurality of dynodes are juxtaposed in an arc-shape around the Faraday cup.

Abstract: An ion detector includes an ion input face, a Faraday cup, an ion-to-electron converter dynode, two ion deflection electrodes, an electron multiplier portion, and an anode. The ion input face is formed with an ion input opening. The Faraday cup has an ion collection surface that confronts the ion input opening. The ion-to-electron converter dynode is disposed to one side with respect to the Faraday cup and the ion input opening and has a conversion surface that converts impinging ions into electrons. The two ion deflection electrodes generate an electron lens that attracts and focuses ions from the ion input opening toward the conversion surface of the ion-to-electron converter dynode. The electron multiplier portion receives and multiplies the electrons from the ion-to-electron converter dynode, and includes a plurality of dynodes that multiply electrons one after the other. The plurality of dynodes are juxtaposed in an arc-shape around the Faraday cup.

Abstract: A fatty acid amphoteric surfactant complex obtained by mixing a) at least one imidazolinium ampholytic surfactant of the formula: wherein R1 represents an alkyl or alkenyl group having 9 to 17 carbon atoms on average; and Z is 1 or 2; with b) a higher fatty acid selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, isostearic acid and a mixture of oleic acid and isostearic acid; wherein the ratio of said higher fatty acid to the total amount of said imidazolinium ampholytic surfactant(s) in said complex ranges from about 25:75 to 90:10. The complex containing an ampholytic and/or semipolar surfactant and higher fatty acid may optionally contain a clay mineral. Said complex may be employed in making emulsions.

Abstract: A novel complex containing an ampholytic and/or semi-polar surfactant as well as a higher fatty acid, and if necessary, a clay mineral, and an emulsified composition containing this complex.

Abstract: A mesh electrode 9 is provided over an incident opening 7a of the electron multiplication portion 6. In the electron multiplication portion 6, a dynode group Dy is located downstream of a first dynode Dy1 for multiplying electrons supplied from the first dynode Dy1. The dynode group Dy is provided in the vicinity of the curvature center of the first dynode Dy1. A plate electrode 10 and a mesh electrode 9 are supplied with a potential intermediate between the potentials applied to the first dynode Dy1 and applied to the dynode group Dy. Accordingly, the electric field formed due to the potential difference between the first dynode Dy1 and the dynode group Dy is surrounded by the intermediate potentials. The electric field is therefore uniformly distributed over the region from the vicinity of the first dynode Dy1 toward the dynode group Dy.