Abstract: Free-standing non-fouling polymers and polymeric compositions, monomers and macromonomers for making the polymers and polymeric compositions, objects made from the polymers and polymeric compositions, and methods for making and using the polymers and polymeric compositions.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a method and an apparatus for determining a next hop and advertising routing information, which relate to the field of communications and are used for reducing operation complexity of a forwarding device and reducing network maintenance workload. The method for determining the next hop provided by the embodiments of the present application includes: receiving, by a control device, first routing information sent by a first forwarding device, where the first routing information includes an identifier of the first forwarding device; determining a first routing path according to the identifier of the first forwarding device, an identifier of a second forwarding device and a routing path group; and determining a next hop in second routing information for the second forwarding device according to the first routing path, where the second forwarding device is a receiver of the second routing information advertised by the control device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a method and an apparatus for determining a next hop and advertising routing information, which relate to the field of communications and are used for reducing operation complexity of a forwarding device and reducing network maintenance workload. The method for determining the next hop provided by the embodiments of the present application includes: receiving, by a control device, first routing information sent by a first forwarding device, where the first routing information includes an identifier of the first forwarding device; determining a first routing path according to the identifier of the first forwarding device, an identifier of a second forwarding device and a routing path group; and determining a next hop in second routing information for the second forwarding device according to the first routing path, where the second forwarding device is a receiver of the second routing information advertised by the control device.

Abstract: An improved staining method and system is described for staining a biopolymer such as a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, an oligosaccharide or a complex containing a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, or an oligosaccharide in a matrix. The method includes the step of moving a staining reagent into the matrix using an electric force. The staining time can be dramatically reduced relative to conventional technologies. The improved staining method can particularly be used, for example, to stain proteins after gel separation. Other related methods, related kits and related systems for carrying out the staining method are also described.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus establish a trail in a network, where the method includes: in a process of establishing a first trail, adding, by a first ingress node to a first trail establishment response message, an IP address of the first ingress node and an optical domain; and in a process of establishing a second trail, receiving, by the first ingress node, a first trail request message sent by a second ingress node; and sending, by the first ingress node to the second ingress node in the optical domain, information about a trail that is of the first trail and is in the optical domain to which the first ingress node belongs. According to the embodiments, that a trail that is of a working trail and a protection trail are in each optical domain do not overlap can be met.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a multipath transmission based packet traffic control method, including: monitoring egress traffic of a data packet set sent by a source node; determining, according to a preconfigured mapping relationship between traffic ranges and forwarding paths, a target forwarding path set corresponding to the egress traffic of the data packet set, and a weight parameter of the egress traffic borne on each target forwarding path in the target forwarding path set; and distributing the data packet set according to the weight parameter, and transferring the data packet set to a destination node by the target forwarding path set. The embodiments of the present application further disclose a traffic control apparatus. By using the present application, centralized policing and classification can be performed on user traffic in a multipath transmission scenario.

Abstract: Functionalized zwitterionic and mixed charge polymers and copolymers, methods for making the polymers and copolymers, hydrogels prepared from the functionalized zwitterionic and mixed charge polymers and copolymers, methods for making and using the hydrogels, and zwitterionic and mixed charge polymers and copolymers for administration for therapeutic agents.

Abstract: A control channel establishing method, a forwarding point, and controller. The method includes sending, by a first Forwarding Point (FP), topology information of the first FP to a second FP by using a Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), receiving, by the first FP, first routing information that is sent by the controller and is used by the first FP to reach the controller, where the first routing information is generated by the controller according to the topology information of the first FP, and establishing, by the first FP, a second control channel with the controller according to the first routing information.

Abstract: A series of protein A mutants having high alkali resistance, and methods of using the protein A mutants are provided. The protein A mutants have a high binding affinity for regions of immunoglobulin proteins other than the complementarity determining regions. The protein A mutants can be coupled to a solid support for immunoglobulin isolation, or conjugated to a label for immunoglobulin detection. This series of protein A mutants has high chemical stability under alkaline conditions of pH 13-14, and can also be used as chromatography ligands for purification procedures that use alkaline solutions under harsh conditions, such as Clean-In-Place (CIP). Also provided are methods of immunoglobulin separation and purification, and alkali regeneration of affinity chromatography medium that uses protein A as a ligand.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus establish a trail in a network, where the method includes: in a process of establishing a first trail, adding, by a first ingress node to a first trail establishment response message, an IP address of the first ingress node and an optical domain; and in a process of establishing a second trail, receiving, by the first ingress node, a first trail request message sent by a second ingress node; and sending, by the first ingress node to the second ingress node in the optical domain, information about a trail that is of the first trail and is in the optical domain to which the first ingress node belongs. According to the embodiments, that a trail that is of a working trail and a protection trail are in each optical domain do not overlap can be met.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention provide a tunnel fault detection method and a traffic engineering (TE) node. The method includes: receiving, by a traffic engineering TE node, a link fault report packet; determining, by the node, a faulty link in which a fault occurs according to the link fault report packet; detecting, by the node, whether one or more tunnels which use the node as an ingress node and pass through the faulty link exist; and identifying the tunnels as faulty tunnels if the one or more tunnels which use the node as the ingress node and pass through the faulty link exist. In the embodiments of the present invention, the TE node can detect all faulty tunnels at a time, and it is not necessary to wait until the fault notification based on each tunnel is received and then the faulty tunnel is identified one by one.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a multipath transmission based packet traffic control method, including: monitoring egress traffic of a data packet set sent by a source node; determining, according to a preconfigured mapping relationship between traffic ranges and forwarding paths, a target forwarding path set corresponding to the egress traffic of the data packet set, and a weight parameter of the egress traffic borne on each target forwarding path in the target forwarding path set; and distributing the data packet set according to the weight parameter, and transferring the data packet set to a destination node by the target forwarding path set. The embodiments of the present application further disclose a traffic control apparatus. By using the present application, centralized policing and classification can be performed on user traffic in a multipath transmission scenario.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a method and an apparatus for determining a next hop and advertising routing information, which relate to the field of communications and are used for reducing operation complexity of a forwarding device and reducing network maintenance workload. The method for determining the next hop provided by the embodiments of the present application includes: receiving, by a control device, first routing information sent by a first forwarding device, where the first routing information includes an identifier of the first forwarding device; determining a first routing path according to the identifier of the first forwarding device, an identifier of a second forwarding device and a routing path group; and determining a next hop in second routing information for the second forwarding device according to the first routing path, where the second forwarding device is a receiver of the second routing information advertised by the control device.

Abstract: The application disclose a method, an apparatus and a system for controlling routing information advertising, which relates to the field of communications and is used for reducing the configuration complexity and reinforcing the operability. The method includes: receiving, by a control device, first routing information sent by a first forwarding device; wherein the first routing information includes an identifier of the first forwarding device; determining a first routing path according to the identifier of the first forwarding device, an identifier of a second forwarding device and a routing path group; and determining an advertising range of second routing information for the second forwarding device according to the first routing path; for enabling the second forwarding device to advertise the second routing information according to the advertising range of the second routing information.

Abstract: The present invention provides a control channel establishing method, a forwarding point, and a controller. The method includes: sending, by a first FP, topology information of the first FP to a second FP by using the LLDP; receiving, by the first FP, first routing information that is sent by the controller and is used by the first FP to reach the controller, where the first routing information is generated by the controller according to the topology information of the first FP; and establishing, by the first FP, a second control channel with the controller according to the first routing information. The first FP does not need to run the IGP protocol, thereby avoiding that the first FP maintains an IGP neighbor relationship; moreover, the first FP does not need to store routing information for reaching another FP, which helps save storage resources and helps improve forwarding performance.

Abstract: An improved staining method and system is described for staining a biopolymer such as a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, an oligosaccharide or a complex containing a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, or an oligosaccharide in a matrix. The method includes the step of moving a staining reagent into the matrix using an electric force. The staining time can be dramatically reduced relative to conventional technologies. The improved staining method can particularly be used, for example, to stain proteins after gel separation. Other related methods, related kits and related systems for carrying out the staining method are also described.

Abstract: A device for gel electrophoresis is provided having larger wells for loading an increased sample volume with improved gel resolution. The device includes a gel cassette having a front plate and a back plate, wherein at least one plate has a stepped inner surface to create a wider opening at the top of the gel cassette, a gel matrix, and a comb with teeth having a thickness substantially equal to the spacing at the top opening of the gel cassette. Using this device, the sample volume in each well can be increased and the sample height in each well can be significantly reduced, as compared to loading the same volume in the wells of a standard gel cassette.

Abstract: An improved staining method and system is described for staining a biopolymer such as a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, an oligosaccharide or a complex containing a peptide, a protein, an RNA, a DNA, or an oligosaccharide in a matrix. The method includes the step of moving a staining reagent into the matrix using an electric force. The staining time can be dramatically reduced relative to conventional technologies. The improved staining method can particularly be used, for example, to stain proteins after gel separation. Other related methods, related kits and related systems for carrying out the staining method are also described.

Abstract: Zwitterionic and mixed charge conducting polymers, surfaces modified to include the polymers, bulk constructs that include the polymers, and methods for using the polymers.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and an apparatus for forwarding multicast traffic. The method includes: receiving a third multicast join message; in response to the third multicast join message, sending a first multicast join message to a first upstream router, and establishing an active path; in response to the third multicast join message, sending a second multicast join message to a second upstream router, and establishing a standby path; and sending multicast traffic to the multicast receiver through the active path, where the standby path does not forward the multicast traffic. In the foregoing embodiments, the standby path that does not forward the multicast traffic is established beforehand, so that when a fault occurs in the active path, the standby path established beforehand can be used to forward the multicast traffic.