Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the field of communication technologies, and in particular, to a roaming data processing method and apparatus, and a system. The method is used to effectively collect data of a terminal in a roaming scenario. The method includes a first data analytics network element receiving, from a visited first network element, data of a terminal on the first network element, where the data includes first information and a first identifier, the first information is used to indicate that the terminal is roaming, and the first information includes any one or more of the following information corresponding to the terminal: a home PLMN identifier, a visited PLMN identifier, home area information, and visited area information.

Abstract: A network selection policy determining method and apparatus. First network selection preference information is obtained. A network selection policy is determined based on the first network selection preference information. The first network selection preference information is network selection preference information of a first terminal. The first network selection preference information includes a learning result obtained by learning data related to network selection of a terminal. The network selection policy is used to determine a radio management policy for the first terminal. A core network device determines a network selection policy for the terminal based on network selection preference information of the terminal, and globally consider affecting factors.

Abstract: A policy determining method is disclosed, and includes: obtaining, based on a digital twin entity, first data and a label corresponding to the first data; and training, based on the first data and the label corresponding to the first data, to obtain an artificial intelligence AI model. The AI model is configured to obtain an air interface access policy and/or a user plane path selection policy of a plurality of terminal devices in a network or in an area. This helps resolve a problem of the air interface access policy and user plane path selection of the plurality of terminal devices in the network or in the area. This can further ensure that network energy consumption is the lowest when overall average service experience of the terminal devices reaches a specific threshold.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a user access control method. The method performed by a first network element includes: sending a first request including at least one of first indication information and second indication information to a second network element, where the first indication information indicates to report first information of at least one network slice to the first network element, and the second indication information indicates that the first network slice is a newly established network slice, a network slice on which a drive test is being performed, or a network slice for which no service level agreement is signed; receiving the first information of the at least one network slice from the second network element; and controlling user access to the first network slice based on a relationship between quality and a quality requirement of the at least one network slice.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods and communication apparatuses. In one example method, a first data analytics network element receives first information of an application from a first network element, where the first information includes at least one of first application description information or an application status that correspond/corresponds to the application. The first application description information includes an application identifier and first IP information that correspond to the application, and the application status includes a foreground state or a background state of the application. The first data analytics network element determines second information based on the first information. The first data analytics network element sends the second information to a second network element.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods and apparatuses. In one example method, a first access and management network element in a first network receives from a second network wireless access assistance information, which includes wireless access information corresponding to a terminal device and a matching condition corresponding to the wireless access information. The first access and management network element determines, based on the wireless access assistance information, wireless access information to be used by the terminal device, and sends it to an access network device in the first network.

Abstract: This application provides a model training method and apparatus. The method includes: obtaining first capability information and second capability information of a client; determining, based on the first capability information and the second capability information, that the client reports model information to a cloud server or an edge server; and sending first indication information to the client. The first indication information indicates the client to report the model information to the cloud server or the edge server. According to the model training method and apparatus provided in this application, in a horizontal federated training method in a hybrid mode, a manner of reporting local model information by the client may be flexibly selected based on capability information of the client, so that horizontal federated training efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a slice information processing method and apparatus to preferentially allocate a network slice resource to a slice for which a slice service level agreement SLA has been signed. An example solution includes: An access network device determines that a slice service level agreement (SLA) has been signed for a first slice and that no slice SLA has been signed for a second slice. The access network device prioritizes a user behavior action of the first slice, or deprioritizes a user behavior action of the second slice.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods and communication apparatuses. One example method includes receiving a request message from a service request network element, where the request message is used to request information about a target data analytics network element, the request message includes a first analytics identifier and information about a first service, and the target data analytics network element supports an analytics type corresponding to the first analytics identifier and the first service. The target data analytics network element is determined based on the first analytics identifier, the information about the first service, and association information between the first analytics identifier and the first service that corresponds to the target data analytics network element. Information about the target data analytics network element is sent to the service request network element.

Abstract: This application provides a data obtaining method and apparatus. The method includes: A data analysis network element in a first network determines that data that needs to be obtained includes to-be-analyzed data in a second network. The data analysis network element sends, to a first network element in the first network, a first request message for requesting to obtain the to-be-analyzed data, where the first request message includes first indication information, and the first indication information indicates that the to-be-analyzed data needs to be obtained from the second network.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a data processing method and apparatus. The method includes: parsing, by a user plane data processing network element, a received packet and determining first service type information of a data flow to which the packet belongs; obtaining, by the user plane data processing network element, second service type information of the data flow from a data analysis network element; and processing, by the user plane data processing network element, the data flow based on the first service type information and the second service type information. With the data processing method and apparatus disclosed herein, accuracy in identifying a service type of transmitted data can be improved.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method for determining a service experience model and a communication apparatus. The method includes: A data analysis network element obtains first association information corresponding to a first dataset and obtains a second dataset based on the first association information. The data analysis network element determines a fourth dataset based on first information and the second dataset, where the fourth dataset is a subset or all of the second dataset, and the first information includes capability information of the first device and/or capability information of the data analysis network element. The data analysis network element determines a service experience model of the service based on the fourth dataset. The data analysis network element does not need to obtain data of the service of the terminal device on the first device.

Abstract: A session management method, an access management function device, and a session management device, where the method is carried out by an access and mobility management network element and includes: obtaining first subscription data of a terminal in a first communications network and second subscription data of the terminal in a second communications network, where the first subscription data includes a data network name (DNN), and the second subscription data includes an access point name (APN) corresponding to the DNN; allocating a bearer identifier to a bearer in a packet data network (PDN) connection corresponding to the APN; receiving a flow identifier that is of a flow in a protocol data unit (PDU) session corresponding to the DNN and that is sent by a session management network element; and sending the bearer identifier and the flow identifier to the terminal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to slice information processing methods. One example method includes sending, by a management and control function network element, a first request to a data analytics function network element, where the first request requests first information of a slice network including at least one slice, and the first request includes identity information of the at least one slice, and receiving, by the management and control function network element, a first response from the data analytics function network element, where the first response includes the first information, and the first information is used for at least one of user control or application control of each slice of the at least one slice.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. A first network device obtains first information from a second network device. The first network device obtains second information from a third network device. The first network device determines first experience information of a service of the terminal based on the first information and the second information. The first network device sends the first experience information to a fourth network device, where the first experience information is for determining a parameter that is of the service of the terminal and that is on the fourth network device.

Abstract: This application provides a policy determining method. The method includes: A first network element obtains first analytics information from a data analytics network element, where the first analytics information includes at least one of the following information: radio access type (RAT) related information or access frequency related information, and service experience analytics information corresponding to a RAT or an access frequency; and the first network element determines an access information selection policy of a terminal device based on the first analytics information, where the access information selection policy includes a target RAT or a target access frequency corresponding to the terminal device. The data analytics network element generates analytics information based on obtained network data and service data, and provides the analytics information for a network function network element.

Abstract: A method includes obtaining a first service experience data set of a service, where each piece of first service experience data in the first service experience data set indicates service quality of all users or a plurality of users in a network, wherein the service is executed by the users, and the service is run in the network, obtaining information about a first service quality requirement of the service, where the information about the first service quality requirement indicates a requirement on the first service experience data, and determining a second network data set of the network based on the first service experience data set, a first network data set of the network, and the information about the first service quality requirement.

Abstract: A first entity for a communication network is provided. The first entity is configured to receive a feature mapping indication from a second entity of the communication network. The feature mapping indication comprises characteristics of a relationship between a set of data samples and properties of data in the data samples of the set of data samples for an analytics model at an analytics stage, wherein the feature mapping indication comprises a request for a feature mapping data structure. The feature mapping data structure includes a second set of data samples based on the relationship between the set of data samples and the properties of the data in the data samples of the set of data samples for use with the analytics model at the analytics stage for an analytics consumer.

Abstract: A method includes: receiving session management information from a session management network element in a first network, where the session management information is used to request to establish a user plane tunnel of a voice service of a terminal device in the first network; and sending a handover request to a mobility management network element in the first network based on the session management information to indicate a handover of the terminal device from the first network to a second network that supports a circuit switched domain voice service. When the access network device in the first network receives the session management information to request to establish the user plane tunnel, the handover request is sent to the mobility management network element in the first network based on the session management information to establish a circuit switched domain voice service of the terminal device in the second network.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for determining a terminal device in close contact with another terminal device are provided. The method includes: A first network element obtains data of a plurality of terminal devices and an identifier of a first terminal device. The first network element determines, based on the data of the plurality of terminal devices, movement analysis results respectively corresponding to the plurality of terminal devices. The movement analysis results respectively corresponding to the plurality of terminal devices include a movement analysis result of the first terminal device. The first network element determines at least one second terminal device based on the movement analysis results respectively corresponding to the plurality of terminal devices.