Abstract: Disclosed is a method of determining a complex-valued field relating to a structure, comprising: obtaining image data relating to a series of images of the structure, for which at least one measurement parameter is varied over the series and obtaining a trained network operable to map a series of images to a corresponding complex-valued field. The method comprises inputting the image data into said trained network and non-iteratively determining the complex-valued field relating to the structure as the output of the trained network. A method of training the trained network is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of determining a complex-valued field relating to a sample measured using an imaging system. The method comprises obtaining image data relating to a series of images of the sample, imaged at an image plane of the imaging system, and for which at least two different modulation functions are imposed in a Fourier plane of the imaging system; and determining the complex-valued field from the imaging data based on the imposed modulation functions.

Abstract: Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.

Abstract: Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.

Abstract: A method of correcting a holographic image, a processing device, a dark field digital holographic microscope, a metrology apparatus and an inspection apparatus. The method includes obtaining a holographic image; determining at least one attenuation function due to motion blur from the holographic image; and correcting the holographic image, or a portion thereof, using the at least one attenuation function.

Abstract: A metrology apparatus for determining one or more parameters of a structure fabricated in or on a semiconductor substrate. The apparatus comprises a transducer array comprising a plurality of transducers positioned in a plane. The plurality of transducers comprises at least one transmitter transducer for emitting acoustic radiation in a frequency range from 1 GHz to 100 GHz towards the structure, and at least one receiver transducer for receiving acoustic radiation reflected and/or diffracted from the structure.

Abstract: A method of inspection for defects on a substrate, such as a reflective reticle substrate, and associated apparatuses. The method includes performing the inspection using inspection radiation obtained from a high harmonic generation source and having one or more wavelengths within a wavelength range of between 20 nm and 150 nm. Also, a method including performing a coarse inspection using first inspection radiation having one or more first wavelengths within a first wavelength range; and performing a fine inspection using second inspection radiation having one or more second wavelengths within a second wavelength range, the second wavelength range comprising wavelengths shorter than the first wavelength range.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of detection, registration and quantification of an image is described. The method may include obtaining an image of a lithographically created structure, and applying a level set method to an object, representing the structure, of the image to create a mathematical representation of the structure. The method may include obtaining a first dataset representative of a reference image object of a structure at a nominal condition of a parameter, and obtaining second dataset representative of a template image object of the structure at a non-nominal condition of the parameter. The method may further include obtaining a deformation field representative of changes between the first dataset and the second dataset. The deformation field may be generated by transforming the second dataset to project the template image object onto the reference image object. A dependence relationship between the deformation field and change in the parameter may be obtained.

Abstract: A method of inspection for defects on a substrate, such as a reflective reticle substrate, and associated apparatuses. The method includes performing the inspection using inspection radiation obtained from a high harmonic generation source and having one or more wavelengths within a wavelength range of between 20 nm and 150 nm. Also, a method including performing a coarse inspection using first inspection radiation having one or more first wavelengths within a first wavelength range; and performing a fine inspection using second inspection radiation having one or more second wavelengths within a second wavelength range, the second wavelength range comprising wavelengths shorter than the first wavelength range.

Abstract: Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.

Abstract: A dark field digital holographic microscope is disclosed which is configured to determine a characteristic of interest of a structure. The dark field digital holographic microscope comprises an illumination device configured to provide at least: a first beam pair comprising a first illumination beam of radiation (1010) and a first reference beam of radiation (1030) and a second beam pair comprising a second illumination beam of radiation (1020) and a second reference beam of radiation (1040); and one or more optical elements (1070) operable to capture a first scattered radiation and to capture a second scattered radiation scattered by the structure resultant from the first and second illumination beams respectively. The beams of the first beam pair are mutually coherent and the beams of the second beam pair are mutually coherent. The illumination device is configured to impose incoherence (ADI) between the first beam pair and second beam pair.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of determining a complex-valued field relating to a structure, comprising: obtaining image data relating to a series of images of the structure, for which at least one measurement parameter is varied over the series and obtaining a trained network operable to map a series of images to a corresponding complex-valued field. The method comprises inputting the image data into said trained network and non-iteratively determining the complex-valued field relating to the structure as the output of the trained network. A method of training the trained network is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of determining a complex-valued field relating to a sample measured using an imaging system. The method comprises obtaining image data relating to a series of images of the sample, imaged at an image plane of the imaging system, and for which at least two different modulation functions are imposed in a Fourier plane of the imaging system; and determining the complex-valued field from the imaging data based on the imposed modulation functions.

Abstract: Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of detection, registration and quantification of an image is described. The method may include obtaining an image of a lithographically created structure, and applying a level set method to an object, representing the structure, of the image to create a mathematical representation of the structure. The method may include obtaining a first dataset representative of a reference image object of a structure at a nominal condition of a parameter, and obtaining second dataset representative of a template image object of the structure at a non-nominal condition of the parameter. The method may further include obtaining a deformation field representative of changes between the first dataset and the second dataset. The deformation field may be generated by transforming the second dataset to project the template image object onto the reference image object. A dependence relationship between the deformation field and change in the parameter may be obtained.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of detection, registration and quantification of an image is described. The method may include obtaining an image of a lithographically created structure, and applying a level set method to an object, representing the structure, of the image to create a mathematical representation of the structure. The method may include obtaining a first dataset representative of a reference image object of a structure at a nominal condition of a parameter, and obtaining second dataset representative of a template image object of the structure at a non-nominal condition of the parameter. The method may further include obtaining a deformation field representative of changes between the first dataset and the second dataset. The deformation field may be generated by transforming the second dataset to project the template image object onto the reference image object. A dependence relationship between the deformation field and change in the parameter may be obtained.

Abstract: A method including selecting a shaped feature from a set of shaped features, each shaped feature of the set of shaped features having a set of points on a perimeter of the shape of the shaped feature, creating a plurality of shape context descriptors for the selected shaped feature, wherein each shape context descriptor provides an indication of a location in a shape context descriptor framework of a first focus point of the set of points in relation to a second point of the set of points, and identifying a shaped feature from the set of shaped features having a same or similar shape as the selected shaped feature based on data from the plurality of shape context descriptors.

Abstract: Described is a metrology system for determining a characteristic of interest relating to at least one structure on a substrate, and associated method. The metrology system comprises a processor being configured to computationally determine phase and amplitude information from a detected characteristic of scattered radiation having been reflected or scattered by the at least one structure as a result of illumination of said at least one structure with illumination radiation in a measurement acquisition, and use the determined phase and amplitude to determine the characteristic of interest.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of detection, registration and quantification of an image is described. The method may include obtaining an image of a lithographically created structure, and applying a level set method to an object, representing the structure, of the image to create a mathematical representation of the structure. The method may include obtaining a first dataset representative of a reference image object of a structure at a nominal condition of a parameter, and obtaining second dataset representative of a template image object of the structure at a non-nominal condition of the parameter. The method may further include obtaining a deformation field representative of changes between the first dataset and the second dataset. The deformation field may be generated by transforming the second dataset to project the template image object onto the reference image object. A dependence relationship between the deformation field and change in the parameter may be obtained.

Abstract: A method of inspection for defects on a substrate, such as a reflective reticle substrate, and associated apparatuses. The method includes performing the inspection using inspection radiation obtained from a high harmonic generation source and having one or more wavelengths within a wavelength range of between 20 nm and 150 nm. Also, a method including performing a coarse inspection using first inspection radiation having one or more first wavelengths within a first wavelength range; and performing a fine inspection using second inspection radiation having one or more second wavelengths within a second wavelength range, the second wavelength range comprising wavelengths shorter than the first wavelength range.