Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and system for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment. The method for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment comprises six steps: determining the type and strength of external disaster; calculating the failure rate of components; calculating the recovery rate of the components; modeling the BN for a degradation process; modeling the BN for a maintenance process; and calculating the resilience of the offshore oil well control equipment. A system for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment comprises an external disaster evaluation module, a component failure rate calculation subsystem, a reliability degradation process simulation module, a fault identification module, a component recovery rate calculation module, a reliability recovery process simulation module, a reliability change curve derivation unit and an resilience calculation unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of petroleum engineering, and specifically relates to a subsea Christmas tree re-prediction method integrating Kalman filter and Bayesian network. The subsea Christmas tree re-prediction method integrating Kalman filter and Bayesian network includes three steps: digital twin model establishment, degradation process re-prediction model establishment, and remaining useful life calculation model establishment.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of petroleum engineering, and specifically relates to a subsea Christmas tree re-prediction method integrating Kalman filter and Bayesian network. The subsea Christmas tree re-prediction method integrating Kalman filter and Bayesian network includes three steps: digital twin model establishment, degradation process re-prediction model establishment, and remaining useful life calculation model establishment.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of offshore oil, and in particular relates to a method for assessing the safety integrity level of offshore oil well control equipment. The method for assessing the safety integrity level of the offshore oil well control equipment comprises three major steps: creating a safety instrumented function evaluation module and dividing the related devices for performing the safety instrumented functions into a sensor subsystem; a controller subsystem and an actuator subsystem, establishing a dynamic Bayesian network model for respective subsystems for calculation; and integrating, analyzing and optimizing the safety integrity data of the subsystems.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of offshore oil, and in particular relates to a method for assessing the safety integrity level of offshore oil well control equipment. The method for assessing the safety integrity level of the offshore oil well control equipment comprises three major steps: creating a safety instrumented function evaluation module and dividing the related devices for performing the safety instrumented functions into a sensor subsystem; a controller subsystem and an actuator subsystem, establishing a dynamic Bayesian network model for respective subsystems for calculation; and integrating, analyzing and optimizing the safety integrity data of the subsystems.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and system for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment. The method for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment comprises six steps: determining the type and strength of external disaster; calculating the failure rate of components; calculating the recovery rate of the components; modeling the BN for a degradation process; modeling the BN for a maintenance process; and calculating the resilience of the offshore oil well control equipment. A system for evaluating the macro resilience of offshore oil well control equipment comprises an external disaster evaluation module, a component failure rate calculation subsystem, a reliability degradation process simulation module, a fault identification module, a component recovery rate calculation module, a reliability recovery process simulation module, a reliability change curve derivation unit and an resilience calculation unit.

Abstract: A solar cell panel with a bottom cover plate and an electrically conductive bus bar. A top cover plate having at least one electrically conductive land in communication with a bottom surface of the top cover plate. The land having a height extending from the bottom surface of the top cover plate. An array of rows and columns of solar cell chips lying between the bottom cover plate and the top cover plate. Each solar cell chip of the array having an anode adjacent to a top surface and a cathode adjacent to a bottom surface. The bus bar in electrical communication with each cathode of each solar cell chip of the array. Each land in electrical contact with each anode of a solar cell chip of the array. An opening formed between adjacent lands wherein the opening extends at least the height of the lands.

Abstract: High-efficiency, ultra-low power gas sensors are provided. In one aspect, a gas detector device is provided which includes: at least one gas sensor having a plurality of fins; a conformal resistive heating element on the fins; a conformal barrier layer on the resistive heating element; and a conformal sensing layer on the barrier layer. A method of forming a gas sensor as well as a method for use thereof in gas detection are also provided.

Abstract: High-efficiency, ultra-low power gas sensors are provided. In one aspect, a gas detector device is provided which includes: at least one gas sensor having a plurality of fins; a conformal resistive heating element on the fins; a conformal barrier layer on the resistive heating element; and a conformal sensing layer on the barrier layer. A method of forming a gas sensor as well as a method for use thereof in gas detection are also provided.

Abstract: High-efficiency, ultra-low power gas sensors are provided. In one aspect, a gas detector device is provided which includes: at least one gas sensor having a plurality of fins; a conformal resistive heating element on the fins; a conformal barrier layer on the resistive heating element; and a conformal sensing layer on the barrier layer. A method of forming a gas sensor as well as a method for use thereof in gas detection are also provided.

Abstract: High-efficiency, ultra-low power gas sensors are provided. In one aspect, a gas detector device is provided which includes: at least one gas sensor having a plurality of fins; a conformal resistive heating element on the fins; a conformal barrier layer on the resistive heating element; and a conformal sensing layer on the barrier layer. A method of forming a gas sensor as well as a method for use thereof in gas detection are also provided.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to contact grids for use in photovoltaic cells, wherein a cross-section of the contact grid fingers is shaped as a trapezoid, as well as a method of making photovoltaic cells comprising these contact grids. The contact grids of the instant disclosure are cost effective and, due to their thick metal grids, exhibit minimum resistance. Despite having thick metal grids, the unique shape of the contact grid fingers of the instant disclosure allow the photovoltaic cells in which they are employed to retain more solar energy than traditional solar cells by reflecting incoming solar energy back onto the surface of the solar cell instead of reflecting this energy away from the cell.

Abstract: A solar cell panel with a bottom cover plate and an electrically conductive bus bar. A top cover plate having at least one electrically conductive land in communication with a bottom surface of the top cover plate. The land having a height extending from the bottom surface of the top cover plate. An array of rows and columns of solar cell chips lying between the bottom cover plate and the top cover plate. Each solar cell chip of the array having an anode adjacent to a top surface and a cathode adjacent to a bottom surface. The bus bar in electrical communication with each cathode of each solar cell chip of the array. Each land in electrical contact with each anode of a solar cell chip of the array. An opening formed between adjacent lands wherein the opening extends at least the height of the lands.

Abstract: Techniques for improved kesterite film production through annealing chamber conditioning to achieve solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of greater than 12% are provided. In one aspect, a method of conditioning an annealing chamber for forming a kesterite film is provided. The method includes the step of: coating one or more inner surfaces of the annealing chamber with a film containing Sn and at least one of S and Se. A method for forming a kesterite film, a method for forming a solar cell, and a solar cell are also provided.

Abstract: A solar cell panel and method of forming a solar cell panel. The method includes a: forming an electrically conductive bus bar on a top surface of a bottom cover plate; forming an electrically conductive contact frame proximate to a bottom surface of a top cover plate, the top cover plate transparent to visible light; and placing an array of rows and columns of solar cell chips between the bottom cover plate and the top cover plate, each solar cell chip of the array of solar cell chips comprising an anode adjacent to a top surface and a cathode adjacent to a bottom surface of the solar cell chip, the bus bar electrically contacting each cathode of each solar cell chip of the array of solar cell chips and the contact frame contacting each anode of each solar cell chip of the array of solar cell chips.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to contact grids for use in photovoltaic cells, wherein a cross-section of the contact grid fingers is shaped as a trapezoid, as well as a method of making photovoltaic cells comprising these contact grids. The contact grids of the instant disclosure are cost effective and, due to their thick metal grids, exhibit minimum resistance. Despite having thick metal grids, the unique shape of the contact grid fingers of the instant disclosure allow the photovoltaic cells in which they are employed to retain more solar energy than traditional solar cells by reflecting incoming solar energy back onto the surface of the solar cell instead of reflecting this energy away from the cell.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to contact grids for use in photovoltaic cells, wherein a cross-section of the contact grid fingers is shaped as a trapezoid, as well as a method of making photovoltaic cells comprising these contact grids. The contact grids of the instant disclosure are cost effective and, due to their thick metal grids, exhibit minimum resistance. Despite having thick metal grids, the unique shape of the contact grid fingers of the instant disclosure allow the photovoltaic cells in which they are employed to retain more solar energy than traditional solar cells by reflecting incoming solar energy back onto the surface of the solar cell instead of reflecting this energy away from the cell.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices are formed with electroplated metal grids that are effectively adhered to the devices. Metal-rich silicides, such as nickel silicides, are formed on the devices by annealing. The metal used in the anneal exhibits low stress. Annealing may be conducted in ambient air followed by removal of oxide and excess metal from the metal-rich silicide. Laser patterning of the antireflective coating of the devices can be used to expose the emitter to form front grid contacts. Doping of the emitter in the patterned region can be increased during laser patterning. The ratio of the centerline to centerline pitch per laser width is controlled to ensure sufficient adhesion of subsequently plated busbars.

Abstract: A multigate structure which comprises a semiconductor substrate; an ultra-thin silicon or carbon bodies of less than 20 nanometers thick located on the substrate; an electrolessly deposited metallic layer selectively located on the side surfaces and top surfaces of the ultra-thin silicon or carbon bodies and selectively located on top of the multigate structures to make electrical contact with the ultra-thin silicon or carbon bodies and to minimize parasitic resistance, and wherein the ultra-thin silicon or carbon bodies and metallic layer located thereon form source and drain regions is provided along with a process to fabricate the structure.

Abstract: A contact rhodium structure is fabricated by a process that comprises obtaining a substrate having a dielectric layer thereon, wherein the dielectric layer has cavities therein into which the contact rhodium is to be deposited; depositing a seed layer in the cavities and on the dielectric layer; and depositing the rhodium by electroplating from a bath comprising a rhodium salt; an acid and a stress reducer; and then optionally annealing the structure.