Abstract: Systems, including compositions and methods, for measuring pH, particularly in cells, organelles, and other samples. The compositions include pH-sensitive fluorescent and fluorogenic 2?,7?-dialkylfluorescein derivatives and associated nonfluorescent precursor compounds. The compositions may permit ratiometric measurement in the excitation spectrum and the emission spectrum. The methods include adding a precursor compound to a sample cell, incubating the sample cell to release the free indicator, illuminating the sample cell, and detecting the fluorescence response of the free indicator.

Abstract: Systems, including compositions and methods, for measuring pH, particularly in cells, organelles, and other samples. The compositions include pH-sensitive fluorescent and fluorogenic 2′,7′-dialkylfluorescein derivatives and associated nonfluorescent precursor compounds. The compositions may permit ratiometric measurement in the excitation spectrum and the emission spectrum. The methods include adding a precursor compound to a sample cell, incubating the sample cell to release the free indicator, illuminating the sample cell, and detecting the fluorescence response of the free indicator.

Abstract: An etching method with less waste gases. Firstly, provide a substrate covered by a dielectric layer, and put both the substrate and the dielectric layer into a chamber that is coupled with a power source and a C3F8 reactive gases source. Next, provide a plasma inside the chamber under an environment with a low RF power, and a low pressure. Finally, terminate the existence of the plasma and move both the substrate and the etched dielectric later out the chamber.

Abstract: A high resolution biosensing system for detecting and identifying a biochemical material to be tested by using proportional relationship between frequency variation of oscillation and mass of the biochemical material to be tested comprises a biosensor; an oscillatorfor generating oscillation based on the sensed result; a phase-lock loop circuit receiving the oscillation of the oscillator and generating pulse signals;an ultra-high frequency counter for counting the pulse signals; and a microprocessor for storing and displaying output from the ultra-high frequency counter and for controlling the oscillator. The phase-lock loop circuit generates the pulse signals of a frequency, which is n times the frequency of the oscillator and with a constant phase difference therebetween to trigger the ultra-high frequency counter. Accordingly, the resolution can be raised up to n times.

Abstract: Systems, including compositions and methods, for measuring pH, particularly in cells, organelles, and other samples. The compositions include pH-sensitive fluorescent and fluorogenic 2′,7′-dialkylfluorescein derivatives and associated nonfluorescent precursor compounds. The compositions may permit ratiometric measurement in the excitation spectrum and the emission spectrum. The methods include adding a precursor compound to a sample cell, incubating the sample cell to release the free indicator, illuminating the sample cell, and detecting the fluorescence response of the free indicator.

Abstract: A high resolution biosensing system for detecting and identifying a biochemical material to be tested by using proportional relationship between frequency variation of oscillation and mass of the biochemical material to be tested comprises a biosensor: all oscillator for generating oscillation based on the sensed result, a phase-lock loop circuit receiving the oscillation of the oscillator and generating pulse signals; an ultra-high frequency counter for counting the Bulb; signals; and a microprocessor for storing and displaying output from the ultra-high frequency counter and for controlling the oscillator. The phase-lock loop circuit generates the pulse signals of a frequency, which is n times the frequency of the oscillator and with a constant phase difference therebetween to trigger the ultra-high frequency counter. Accordingly, the resolution can be raised up to n times.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides nucleic acids and polypeptides that are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, also known as 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. The nuclecic acids and polypeptides disclosed are derived from Drosophila and mouse. These polypeptides are generally involved in cell signaling cascades which control, e.g., cell cycle progression and intracellular protein sorting. The family of PI3-kinases from which the polypeptides of the invention are derived are generally characterized by their structure as well as their unique substrate specificity.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides polypeptides that are related to and/or derived from the family of PI3-kinases. These polypeptides are generally involved in cell signaling cascades which control, e.g., cell cycle progression and intracellular protein sorting. The family of PI3-kinases from which the polypeptides of the invention are derived are generally characterized by their structure as well as their unique substrate specificity.