Abstract: Disclosed herein is a super-resolution lithography apparatus and method based on a multiple light exposure method. The super-resolution lithography apparatus comprises a photographic medium having energy levels of a first ground state, a second ground state, a first excited state, a second excited state and a quenching state; a first light source inducing energy level transition between the first ground state and the first excited state of the photographic medium; a second light source inducing energy level transition between the second ground state and the first excited state of the photographic medium; and a third light source inducing energy level transition between the second ground state and the second excited state of the photographic medium. Accordingly, the resolution of lithography can be improved simply by using a photographic medium having a simple structure and conventional laser beams and increasing the number of exposure steps.

Abstract: An ice-making device includes a duct through which ice is dispensed and a duct-covering part opening and closing the duct. A sensor part senses whether the duct-covering part closes the duct and a control part controls the duct-covering part to open the duct when the sensor part senses that the duct-covering part fails to close the duct and the duct-covering part has been attempting to close the duct for at least a preset period of time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing biofuel, more specifically a method of producing biofuel comprising the steps of generating monosugars from marine algae, or from polysaccharides extracted from marine algae by treating the marine algae or the polysaccharides with a hydrolytic enzyme and/or a hydrolytic catalyst; and fermenting the monosugars using a microorganism to produce biofuel. The method of producing biofuel of the present invention solve the problem of raw material suppliance since it uses marine algae as a raw material for biomass, and reduce the production costs by excluding lignin eliminating process that has been required by the conventional method using wood-based raw materials, resulting in economic and environmental advantages.

Abstract: Provided is an integrated telematics service system that may operate as an essential network interoperating gateway in a smart vehicle appropriate for a ubiquitous environment, and that includes: a network interface unit that receives a user input to process the user input based on an ontology modeling for the integrated telematics service, and interoperates with an external network of the smart vehicle; a knowledge based management unit that interoperates with the network interface unit to manage a policy and a schedule for a telematics service, an event occurring in the smart vehicle, and a schedule of a user; and a service unit that converts information associated with a navigation service or a multimedia service to a form suitable for an internal device of the smart vehicle, to perform a one-source-multi-use function.

Abstract: A vertical pillar semiconductor device includes a substrate, a single crystalline semiconductor pattern, a gate insulation layer structure and a gate electrode. The substrate may include a first impurity region. The single crystalline semiconductor pattern may be on the first impurity region. The single crystalline semiconductor pattern has a pillar shape substantially perpendicular to the substrate. A second impurity region may be formed in an upper portion of the single crystalline semiconductor pattern. The gate insulation layer structure may include a charge storage pattern, the gate insulation layer structure on a sidewall of the single crystalline semiconductor pattern. The gate electrode may be formed on the gate insulation layer structure and opposite the sidewall of the single crystalline semiconductor pattern. The gate electrode has an upper face substantially lower than that of the single crystalline semiconductor pattern.

Abstract: A phase-lock loop having a reduced lock time in comparison with the conventional art. The phase-lock loop compares an output signal thereof with a reference signal, and alters a control signal in response thereto such that the output signal may have a desired frequency.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a gallium oxide based substrate, a gallium oxynitride based layer on the gallium oxide based substrate, a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer on the gallium oxynitride based layer, an active layer on the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer on the active layer.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) module includes a plurality of LEDs which emit light, and a metal substrate on which the LEDs are mounted and which includes a fixing part to be directly fixed to an outer frame, wherein the metal substrate is a heat sink that absorbs heat generated by the LEDs.

Abstract: A source driver for display devices includes line pair driving blocks. Each of the line pair driving blocks includes a de-multiplexing portion for de-multiplexing first and second digital data to generate first and second de-multiplexing data, a decoding portion for decoding the first and second de-multiplexing data to generate first and second analog data, and a multiplexing portion for multiplexing the first and second analog data to generate first and second gradation voltages. In the source driver, the de-multiplexing portion is controlled by signals having information of loading timing for the digital data and information of polarity for the gradation voltages.

Abstract: Provided is a user oriented information system that may retrieve user oriented information or may provide the user oriented information to a mobile device, and a method of controlling the user oriented information system. The user oriented information system may detect the mobile device, detect an information request of the mobile device, and provide a content corresponding to the information request to the mobile device based on a profile of the mobile device.

Abstract: An LED based omni-directional light engine includes a toroidal lens coupled to a controller circuit board and two or more evenly spaced LEDs mounted to the controller circuit board. The toroidal lens includes an inner surface coated with a layer of reflection materials, an outer surface, and a flat base surface. The controller circuit board is electrically coupled to a power source. The LEDs are located immediately under the flat base surface. The inner surface substantially reflects light beams emitted from the LEDs to the outer surface which refracts the beams to the omni-directions.

Abstract: Embodiments for automatically finding a standard view corresponding to an acquired ultrasound image of a target object in an ultrasound system are disclosed. A mapping table associating information on a plurality of standard views of a target object with predetermined first feature vectors is stored in the storage unit. The predetermined first feature vectors may have been previously calculated from the typical plane images corresponding to the standard views. A processing unit calculates a second feature vector from an acquired ultrasound image, and refers to the mapping table to select one of the first feature vectors closest to the second feature vector. The processing unit extracts information on the standard view corresponding to the selected first feature vector from the mapping table.

Abstract: Provided is a flat panel display apparatus including a sealant which has a small effective width and is able to effectively attach a substrate and an encapsulation substrate. The flat panel display apparatus includes the substrate, a display unit disposed on the substrate, the encapsulation substrate disposed facing the substrate so that the display unit is disposed on inner side of the encapsulation substrate, and the sealant attaching the substrate and the encapsulation substrate, wherein an end surface of the sealant facing the substrate contacts a silicon oxide layer disposed on the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ultrasound system and a method of setting an intima-media thickness (IMT) measuring region. The ultrasound system comprises an ultrasound diagnosis unit configured to transmit ultrasound signals to a target object, receive ultrasound echo signals reflected from the target object and form an ultrasound image including a plurality of pixels based on the ultrasound echo signals, each pixel having an intensity of gray level.

Abstract: A method of driving a light source in a normal mode and an increased luminance mode, based on a gradation data of an image signal, by using driving blocks each having a plurality of light-emitting blocks, includes applying, during the increased luminance mode, both a first driving voltage which drives a first driving block of the driving blocks during the normal mode, and a second driving voltage which drives a second driving block of the driving blocks during the normal mode, to the first driving block to increase a luminance of the first driving block when the first driving block is driven by a luminance greater than a luminance corresponding to the gradation data of the image signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds having estrogenic activity selected from the group consisting of Loliolide, (4S,6S)-4-Hydroxy-6-nonadecyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-one, (4R,6S)-4-Hydroxy-6-nonadecyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-one and analogues thereof. The compounds of the present invention are selective estrogen receptor modulator, which can selectively activate ER? and simultaneously express high estrogenic activity, and also can be applied as medical or food compositions to improve estrogen deficiency-related symptoms.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor memory device including a memory cell array having a plurality of variable resistance memory cells divided into first and second areas. An I/O circuit is configured to access the memory cell array under the control of control logic so as to access the first or second area in response to an external command. The I/O circuit accesses the first area using a memory cell unit and the second area using a page unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of operating a user interface (UI) based on a motion sensor and a mobile terminal using the same. The method of operating a UI of a mobile terminal including a touch sensor and a motion sensor includes identifying an input of a mode conversion key, activating the motion sensor, and converting a UI mode to a motion mode. The mobile terminal having a touch sensor and motion sensor may include a display unit and a controller. The display unit may display an application execution screen. The controller may activate the motion sensor if mode conversion is requested in an activated state of the touch sensor, and may activate the touch sensor if mode conversion is requested in an activated state of the motion sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for forming a superframe in a low-rate wireless personal area network. The structure of an IEEE 802.15.4 superframe is extended to support QoS by increasing the number of GTSs and to minimize waste of a bandwidth through the precise resource reservation although the SO value increases. Thus, since more efficient resource reservation is available compared to an existing IEEE 802.15.4 and the number of GTSs to be assigned is increased to a maximum of 127, simultaneous multiple link connections to more number of devices are available.

Abstract: Provided are semiconductor devices having low resistance contacts and methods of manufacturing the same.