Abstract: There is provided a method for transmitting data to a multicast group including a plurality of receivers by using an X-cast mode, comprising the steps of transmitting an X-cast IP data packet having a X-cast header including addresses of a destination router and the multicast group, wherein the destination router is connected to the receivers, converting the X-cast IP data packet to a multicast IP data packet in the destination router and sending the multicast IP data packet to the receivers, wherein an IP header of the multicast IP data has the address of the multicast group. The source router can transmit an IP data packet to a multicast group having a medium or large number of receivers by using the X-cast mode.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel erythromycin derivatives, particularly ones with novel C-13 R13 substitutents, and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds of this invention are useful as antibacterial agents and antiprotozoa agents and for other applications (e.g., anticancer, atherosclerosis, gastric motility reduction, etc.) in mammals, including man, as well as in fish and. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and to methods of treating bacterial protozoa infections by administering such compounds. The invention also relates to methods of preparing such compounds and to intermediates useful in such preparation.

Abstract: A system for authenticating a content user, comprising a group common key that authenticates a user, a private key owned by the user, a trusted organization adapted to create and distribute the group common key, and to store personal information on the authenticated user and a temporary registration certificate issued to the authenticated user. A user apparatus converts the temporary registration certificate by means of a predetermined conversion method using the private key, and further provides the converted temporary registration certificate to a content provider prior to executing content provided by the content provider the content provider adapted to check whether the user has been authenticated by the trusted organization, using the group common key prior to providing the content.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compressor. In one aspect of the present invention, a compressor is provided, including a cylinder having a compression chamber, a valve assembly mounted on one open end of the cylinder, and a head assembly on the valve assembly. The head assembly includes a suction muffler, a head plate, a head cover, a damping pipe, and a discharge muffler. The suction muffler includes at least one wing on an outside surface of an outlet part thereof, and the head plate includes a first cut away part for inserting the wing of the outlet part. The head cover is closed fastened to the head plate so as to press down the suction muffler. In the meantime, the head plate includes a recess for inserting the middle part of the damping pipe therein to hold the damping pipe, and the discharge muffler is fitted to one surface of the head plate to surround the damping pipe.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing a liquid crystal display device are provided to detect a defect location precisely and rapidly without requiring a jig. The method includes providing a substrate to inspect, wherein the substrate includes signal wirings, drive switches and capacitors formed in an effective display area of the substrate; radiating a light onto an inspection switch device and thereby supplying an inspection voltage from an inspection line to one of the drive switches through the signal wirings, so as to charge one of the capacitors; and determining if there is a defect in the effective display area of the substrate by reading the charged voltage of the capacitor.

Abstract: A method for generating a numeric or alpha-numeric identifier representative of a chemical structure having at least two atoms connected by a bond includes the step of assigning a numerical value to each atom and a numerical bond value to each bond. The method updates the numerical values for each atom based on the current values assigned to each atom and the numerical bond value. After the numerical values for each atom have been updated, the method calculates a numeric or alpha-numeric identifier for the chemical structure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for inspecting an electrical defectiveness of a liquid crystal display substrate. The method includes shorting ESD protection devices with a conductive shorting bar to form a current path on each of signal wirings of the substrate, supplying a current to the signal wirings, and determining a defectiveness of the signal wirings depending on the current flowing on the signal wirings.

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus inspects liquid crystal display. The method and apparatus for inspecting the flat display device scans at least one signal wire by using a magnetic sensor and detects a resistance change of the magnetic sensor to perceive a short in the signal wire. Pixels can be tested using an array of magnetic sensors configured such that each sensor in the array is smaller than the pixel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus tests a flat display device to inspect for shorts and open circuits in a signal wire by using a magnetic sensor. The inspection method and apparatus scans the magnetic sensor along signal wires in a scan direction crossing multiple signal wires and detects at least one of a short or an open circuit in the signal wires based on current detected by the magnetic sensor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to record data on an optical recording medium include generating a recording waveform having an erase pattern comprising a predetermined pulse having a high level which is higher than an erase power level and having a low level which is lower than the erase power level.

Abstract: A physical identification data (PID) addressing method using a wobble signal, a wobble address encoding circuit, a method and circuit for detecting the wobble address and a recording medium therefor. Groove address information indicating physical identification information is phase modulated using a wobble clock signal and recorded in one of the two walls of a groove track, and land address information is phase modulated using a wobble clock signal obtained by shifting the phase of the former wobble clock signal and recorded in the other wall. That is, address information is phase modulated and recorded in each track using the wobbles having a phase difference of 90° between adjacent tracks so that a sum of wobble signals from the adjacent tracks can be a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal. Therefore, more data can be recorded in the recording medium, and since an interval in which a wobble signal disappears is not caused, recovery of a wobble clock signal can be advantageously performed.

Abstract: A gold (Au) alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device is provided. The Au alloy bonding wire is manufactured by adding at least one of polonium (Po), promethium (Pm), thulium (Tm), and boron (B) to high-purity gold of 99.999% or more in an amount of 3-30 parts per million (ppm) by weight and at least one of magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and technetium (Tc) in an amount of 3-30 ppm by weight to the high-purity gold. In the Au alloy bonding wire, high-temperature reliability after ball bonding is not reduced and damage near a ball neck in forming an ultra low loop of the Au alloy bonding wire can be prevented.

Abstract: An optical recording medium, a method and an apparatus of recording data on the optical recording medium. A recording waveform that includes a recording pattern for high-speed recording and an erasure pattern with multi-pulse train is generated. Using the generated recording waveform, digital data is recorded as a mark or space. A low write power level of the recording pattern is set to be higher than a bias power level, and high and low erase power levels are applied as pulses.

Abstract: A physical identification data (PID) addressing method using a wobble signal, a wobble address encoding circuit, a method and circuit for detecting the wobble address and a recording medium therefor. Groove tracks are classified into odd groove tracks and even groove tracks. Address information indicating physical identification information is phase modulated using wobble signals having a predetermined phase difference between two adjacent groove tracks, and recorded in each groove track so that address information modulated using the wobble signals having the phase difference of 90° between adjacent two groove tracks can be a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal. Accordingly, a larger amount of data can be recorded on the recording medium, and since an interval in which a wobble signal disappears is not caused, recovery of a wobble clock signal can be advantageously performed.

Abstract: A gray-scale representation method for a plasma display panel, which method includes arranging, in time sequence, a plurality of subfields each having a brightness weight and achieving gray-scale representation by a combination of the subfields, each subfield including an address period and a sustain period. In the gray-scale representation method, the number of sustain pulses for each subfield is determined so that a light generated from the difference of the number of sustain pulses between two adjacent gray scales can be greater than a light discharged in the address period, when the number of subfields for the higher one of the two adjacent gray scales is less than that for the lower one. The reversion of gray scales that occurs when the address light is increased as high as the sustain light can be eliminated to achieve correct gray-scale representation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a synchronous mirror delay circuit for generating an internal clock signal synchronized with an external clock signal, comprising: a clock buffer circuit that generates a reference clock signal in response to the external clock signal; a delay monitor circuit that delays the reference clock signal; a forward delay array for delaying an output clock signal of the delay monitor circuit to generate delay clock signals; a mirror control circuit that receives the delay clock signals and the reference clock signal to detect one delay clock signal synchronized with the reference clock signal among the delay clock signals; a backward delay array that delays the delay clock signal detected by the mirror control circuit to output a synchronous clock signal; a delay circuit that delays an asynchronous clock signal output through the forward delay array; and a clock driving circuit that outputs the delayed asynchronous clock signal as the internal clock signal when the reference clock signal is not synchroni

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording data on an optical recording medium form a mark or a space by using a recording waveform having an erase pattern containing a multi-pulse. The method and the apparatus prevent distortion of the mark or the space and improve a mark shape such that a recording/reproducing characteristic of the optical recording medium is improved.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording data on an optical recording medium form a mark or a space by using a recording waveform having an erase pattern containing a multi-pulse. The method and the apparatus prevent distortion of the mark or the space and improve a mark shape such that a recording/reproducing characteristic of the optical recording medium is improved.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording data on an optical recording medium form a mark or a space by using a recording waveform having an erase pattern containing a multi-pulse. The method and the apparatus prevent distortion of the mark or the space and improve a mark shape such that a recording/reproducing characteristic of the optical recording medium is improved.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device comprising: an array of memory cells; an address input circuit for receiving an external address in response to an address clock signal; a selecting circuit for selecting a memory cell in response to an address output from the address input circuit; a data output circuit for outputting the data read out from the selected memory cell in response to first and second data clock signals; and an internal clock generating circuit for generating the address clock signal and the first and second data clock signals in response to an external clock signal and a complementary clock signal thereof, wherein the address clock signal and the first and second data clock signals have twice the frequency (or half the period) of the external clock signal when in a test mode.