Abstract: A method for planarizing a layer of a semiconductor device includes heating the layer to exhibit flowability, and applying pressure through an optically flat surface layer onto the layer to planarize the layer. And the planarizing method further comprises etch-back or chemical-mechanical polishing on the planarized layer.

Abstract: An electron emission type backlight unit may include a front substrate and a rear substrate facing each other with a predetermined distance between them, an anode and a fluorescent layer disposed between the front substrate and the rear substrate, first electrodes and second electrodes disposed between the front substrate and the rear substrate, electron emitting layers partially or entirely covering at least one of the first and second electrodes, and secondary electron emitting layers covering the electron emitting layers, and a flat panel device having the same, and a method of driving the electron emission type backlight unit.

Abstract: An electron emission device with improved electron emission efficiency and an electron emission type backlight unit with a new structure using the electron emission device in which an electric field between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode is effectively blocked, and electrons are emitted continuously and stably by a low gate voltage, thereby improving light-emitting uniformity and efficiency. Also provided is a flat display apparatus employing the electron emission type backlight unit having the electron emission device. The electron emission device includes a base substrate; a cathode electrode formed on the base substrate having a cross-section whose height is greater than its width; a gate electrode that is formed on the base substrate and alternately separated from the cathode electrode and has a cross-section whose height is greater than its width; and an electron emission layer disposed on a surface of the cathode electrode toward the gate electrode.

Abstract: An electron emission device with improved electron emission efficiency and an electron emission type backlight unit with a new structure using the electron emission device in which an electric field between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode is effectively blocked, and electrons are emitted continuously and stably by a low gate voltage thereby improving light-emitting uniformity and light-emitting efficiency. Also provided is a flat display apparatus employing the electron emission type backlight unit having the electron emission device. The electron emission device includes a base substrate; a cathode electrode formed on the base substrate; a gate electrode that is formed on the base substrate and alternately separated from the cathode electrode when there are more than one; an electron emission layer disposed on a surface of the cathode electrode; and a supplementary electrode formed on the cathode electrode or the gate electrode and is higher than the corresponding electrode.

Abstract: A packet converting apparatus and method is disclosed, in which audio packet data of various types used in cable/radio networks can effectively be converted. The packet converting apparatus includes a bit unpacking unit for bit unpacking first type packet data, a parameter inverse quantization unit for inverse quantizing the unpacked data to obtain a main parameter of the first type packet data, a parameter converter for converting the obtained main parameter to a parameter of second type packet data through inter-frame interpolation, a quantization unit for quantizing the second type parameter converted by the parameter converter, and a bit packing unit for bit packing the quantized data to reassemble the bit packed data to second type packet data and output the second type packet data to a destination.

Abstract: A method for searching a codebook which predicts a residual element of an input voice signal includes combining each track of the input signal, forming track units including at least two tracks, and determining a pulse code for each track. The method further includes calculating energy for each track using an energy formula including a vector dot product, arranging or selecting codewords in a small track energy order, and searching or selecting an optimal pulse for a single- or double-pulse track of the selected codeword.

Abstract: A field emission display includes a first substrate and a second substrate opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween. At least one gate electrode is formed on the first substrate. An insulation layer formed over the first substrate covering the gate electrode. Cathode electrodes are formed on the insulation layer and including field enhancing sections that expose the insulation layer corresponding to pixel regions. Electron emission sources formed over the cathode electrodes adjacent at least one side of the field enhancing sections. An illumination assembly is formed on the second substrate and realizes the display of images by electrons emitted from the electron emission sources.

Abstract: A voiced/unvoiced information estimation system uses input spectrum and synthetic spectrum to produce a voicing level spectrum. The estimation system uses a spectrum difference calculation unit to normalize a spectrum difference energy for each harmonic band in unit of harmonic band, and further uses a voicing level calculation unit to calculate a voicing level. The voicing level of each harmonic band has a continuous value between 1 and 0. The estimation system is effective in vector quantization of voiced/unvoiced information at a low bit rate. Because it is unnecessary to calculate a threshold for deciding a voiced/unvoiced information, a decision anomaly occurring due to threshold is eliminated, and the accuracy of a voicing level is improved. Furthermore, since a spectrum is represented by mixing a voiced element and a unvoiced element in a harmonic band, the estimation system improves the audio quality of a combined sound.

Abstract: An electron emission device which increases the amount of electron emission without heightening the driving voltage for making the electron emission. The electron emission device includes a substrate, first electrodes formed on the substrate, electron emission regions electrically connected to the first electrodes, and second and third electrodes placed at planes different from the first electrodes. The second and the third electrodes receive the same voltage, and form the electric field for emitting electrons from the electron emission regions. Fourth electrodes may be placed at substantially the same plane as the first electrodes, and receive the same voltage as the second and the third electrodes.

Abstract: Capsulated abrasive compositions and a polishing pad using the same. More specifically, a polishing pad coated with compositions, which contain a capsulated abrasive, thereby used for planarizing interlayer insulating film formed on a semiconductor substrate by chemical mechanical polishing.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes first and second substrates opposing one another with a gap therebetween. Cathode electrodes are formed on the first substrate. An insulation layer is formed covering the cathode electrodes and having apertures. Gate electrodes are formed on the insulation layer and have apertures at locations corresponding to the locations of the apertures of the insulation layer so as to expose the cathode electrodes. Electron emission regions are formed in the apertures on the cathode electrodes. An anode electrode is formed on the second substrate. An outer surface of the electron emission regions is formed with a shape similar to a shape of equipotential lines formed when there is no electron emission region in the apertures, and predetermined drive voltages are applied to the electrodes.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes gate electrodes formed on a substrate. The gate electrodes are located on a first plane. An insulating layer is formed on the gate electrodes. Cathode electrodes are formed on the insulating layer. Electron emission regions are electrically connected to the cathode electrodes. The electron emission regions are located on a second plane. In addition, the electron emission device includes counter electrodes placed substantially on the second plane of the electron emission regions. The gate electrodes and the counter electrodes are for receiving a same voltage, and a distance, D, between at least one of the electron emission regions and at least one of the counter electrodes satisfies the following condition: 1(?m)?D?28.1553+1.7060t(?m), where t indicates a thickness of the insulating layer.

Abstract: A triode field emission display using carbon nanotubes having an excellent electron emission characteristic is provided. By forming extraction electrodes for controlling emitted electrons around an anode on a front substrate, the triode field emission display (FED) using carbon nanotubes has a simple structure like a diode FED, thereby facilitating manufacture using vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes and allowing control of anode current using extraction electrodes. Accordingly, a large FED can be simply manufactured.

Abstract: A field emission display that is simple to manufacture in a large screen size and that provides improved display characteristics, includes first and second substrates provided opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween; a plurality of gate electrodes formed on a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate, the gate electrodes being formed in a striped pattern; an insulation layer formed on the first substrate covering the gate electrodes; a plurality of cathode electrodes formed on the insulation layer in a striped pattern to perpendicularly intersect the gate electrodes; a plurality of surface electron sources formed along one long edge of the cathode electrodes; focusing units provided on the cathode electrodes for controlling the emission of electron beams from the surface electron sources; an anode electrode formed on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate; and a plurality of phosphor layers formed on the anode electrode.

Abstract: A field emission display includes a first substrate, at least one gate electrode formed on the first substrate, cathode electrodes formed on the first substrate, an insulation layer formed between the at least one gate electrode and the cathode electrodes, emitters electrically contacting the cathode electrodes, and formed in pixel regions of the first substrate, counter electrodes electrically connected to the at least one gate electrode and provided such that the counter electrodes and emitters have a first predetermined gap therebetween, a second substrate provided opposing the first substrate with a second predetermined gap therebetween, wherein emitter-receiving sections are provided in the cathode electrodes, dividers are formed between the emitter-receiving sections, the emitters are electrically contacted with an edge of the cathode electrodes corresponding to a shape of the emitter-receiving sections, and at least a part of each of the counter electrodes is provided within the corresponding emitter-r

Abstract: A field emission display includes a first substrate and a second substrate opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween. At least one gate electrode is formed on the first substrate. An insulation layer formed over the first substrate covering the gate electrode. Cathode electrodes are formed on the insulation layer and including field enhancing sections that expose the insulation layer corresponding to pixel regions. Electron emission sources formed over the cathode electrodes adjacent at least one side of the field enhancing sections. An illumination assembly is formed on the second substrate and realizes the display of images by electrons emitted from the electron emission sources.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and devices for estimating harmonics that reduce the calculation amount and can be used very effectively in a low transmission rate voice encoder by adjusting a harmonic interval with centering on a multiple of a basic frequency or extracting a peak so that the error between an original signal spectrum and estimated harmonic spectrum is reduced.

Abstract: Capsulated abrasive compositions and a polishing pad using the same. More specifically, a polishing pad coated with compositions, which contain a capsulated abrasive, thereby used for planarizing interlayer insulating film formed on a semiconductor substrate by chemical mechanical polishing.

Abstract: A method for searching a codebook which predicts a residual element of an input voice signal includes combining each track of the input signal, forming track units including at least two tracks, and determining a pulse code for each track. The method further includes calculating energy for each track using an energy formula including a vector dot product, arranging or selecting codewords in a small track energy order, and searching or selecting an optimal pulse for a single- or double-pulse track of the selected codeword.

Abstract: A field emission display that is simple to manufacture in a large screen size and that provides improved display characteristics, includes first and second substrates provided opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween; a plurality of gate electrodes formed on a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate, the gate electrodes being formed in a striped pattern; an insulation layer formed on the first substrate covering the gate electrodes; a plurality of cathode electrodes formed on the insulation layer in a striped pattern to perpendicularly intersect the gate electrodes; a plurality of surface electron sources formed along one long edge of the cathode electrodes; focusing units provided on the cathode electrodes for controlling the emission of electron beams from the surface electron sources; an anode electrode formed on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate; and a plurality of phosphor layers formed on the anode electrode.