Abstract: An active-matrix liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrates at least one of which is transparent, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pair of substrates, a group of electrodes for applying to the liquid crystal layer an electric field substantially parallel to the substrate plane and a plural number of active elements being formed on one of the pair of substrates and an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the pair of substrates. The alignment layer is a photo-reactive material layer, and the photo-reactive material layer is a photo-reactive alignment layer which has been subjected to linearly polarized light irradiation to selectively derive a photochemical reaction and a tilt angle of liquid crystal molecules on the alignment layer surface of the substrate is 3° or less.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve includes a semiconductor substrate having a region for a plurality of switching elements formed in a matrix form. A first metal layer is formed on the surface of the semi-conductor substrate through an insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by first slits. A second metal layer is formed on the first metal layer through another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by second slits. A third metal layer is formed on the second metal layer through still another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by third slits. An opposite substrate has an opposite electrode on a surface thereof, disposed so as to be opposite to said third metal layer through an interval on the opposite electrode side. Liquid crystal fills the interval between said opposite electrode and the third metal layer.

Abstract: An active-matrix liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrates at least one of which is transparent, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pair of substrates, a group of electrodes for applying to the liquid crystal layer an electric field substantially parallel to the substrate plane and a plural number of active elements being formed on one of the pair of substrates, and an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the pair of substrates. The alignment layer is a photo-reactive material layer, and the photo-reactive material layer is a photo-reactive alignment layer which has been subjected to linearly polarized light irradiation to selectively derive a photochemical reaction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal active matrix display device includes a first substrate having a thin film transistor formed thereon. A light-screening film 1 is located on the first substrate in a manner to be overlapped with an ITO. The display device includes a second substrate having a color filter and a light-screening film 2 formed thereon. The second substrate is opposed to the first substrate. The light-screening film 2 extends from the uncontrollable area by a certain value depending on a voltage from the external, resulting in improving a numerical aperture.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve includes a semiconductor substrate having a region for a plurality of switching elements formed in a matrix form. A first metal layer is formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate through an insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by first slits. A second metal layer is formed on the first metal layer through another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by second slits. A third metal layer is formed on the second metal layer through still another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by third slits. An opposite substrate has an opposite electrode on a surface thereof, disposed so as to be opposite to said third metal layer through an interval on the opposite electrode side. Liquid crystal fills the interval between said opposite electrode and the third metal layer.

Abstract: An active-matrix liquid crystal display device employing the in-plane switching mode in which an electric field substantially parallel to the substrate surface is applied to the liquid crystals, characterized by weak torsional anchoring of the liquid crystal molecules and the alignment layer surface at the liquid crystal/alignment layer interface to an extent that the extrapolation length which expresses the strength of said torsional anchoring will become not less than 10% of the gap between the substrates. For obtaining such weak torsional anchoring, an organic alignment layer comprising a polymer and/or oligomer having long-chain alkylene and/or fluoro groups, or an inorganic alignment layer formed by oblique evaporation technique, or a photo-reactive alignment layer formed by linearly polarized light irradiation is used.

Abstract: In a projection-type display apparatus using light scattering type liquid crystal devices, light from a light source is reflected by a reflecting mirror through a collecting lens; reflected light is converted by a lens into a parallel light beam, which is injected into liquid crystal devices disposed on three sides through a dichroic mirror, the liquid crystal devices coloring an image in red, green and blue; the image is projected on a screen through again the dichroic mirror, the collecting lens and an enlarging lens. Further a photodetector is disposed at a focal point of the collecting lens and a function of adjusting the position of the light source on the basis of a result of this detection is added.

Abstract: A reflective-type display device having a light modulating layer, including a host dispersed with light scatterers, which is held between two transparent electrodes; and a light absorbing layer disposed in back of the light modulating layer. The size of each light scatterer or the nearest distance between the adjacent light scatterers is nearly equivalent to the wavelength of incident light at least in two-dimensional directions. The refractive index ratio relative to incident light between the light scatterers and host is changed from 1 to 1.5 or more depending on the magnitude of a voltage applied across the electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus has a pair of substrates, at least one of which is transparent, and a liquid crystal layer formed by enclosing a liquid crystal composition between the pair of the substrates, wherein a display region having a plurality of first semiconductor elements which are arranged in a matrix, and a peripheral circuits region having a plurality of second semiconductor elements for driving said plurality of first semiconductor elements, arranged at the periphery of the display region, are formed on the one substrate of said pair of substrates, and driver circuits for driving the peripheral circuits are bonded at a designated region on the one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal layer composing a liquid crystal display apparatus is formed by being laminated with a plurality of single particle layers of liquid crystal micro-capsules having a uniform size and being arranged in a two-dimensional crystal array, the liquid crystal micro-capsule being formed by cladding a liquid crystal droplet with a medium having a constant thickness. The liquid crystal micro-capsule is formed by being cladded with a medium composed of gelatine and gum arabic. Further, the single particle layer has a filling medium for making the surface flat and filling the gaps among the liquid crystal micro-capsules. The filling medium is composed of gelatine and gum arabic.

Abstract: In a projection-type display apparatus using light scattering type liquid crystal devices, light from a light source is reflected by a reflecting mirror through a collecting lens; reflected light is converted by a lens into a parallel light beam, which is injected into liquid crystal devices disposed on three sides through a dichroic mirror, the liquid crystal devices coloring an image in red, green and blue; the image is projected on a screen through again the dichroic mirror, the collecting lens and an enlarging lens. Further a photodetector is disposed at a focal point of the collecting lens and a function of adjusting the position of the light source on the basis of a result of this detection is added.

Abstract: A liquid crystal active matrix display device includes a first substrate having a thin film transistor formed thereon. A light-screening film 1 is located on the first substrate in a manner to be overlapped with an ITO. The display device includes a second substrate having a color filter and a light-screening film 2 formed thereon. The second substrate is opposed to the first substrate. The light-screening film 2 extends from the uncontrollable area by a certain value depending on a voltage from the external, resulting in improving a numerical aperture.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a low-cost, high-reliability, compact, lightweight, and low-power-consumption color liquid crystal display.To achieve the object, a liquid crystal display according to the invention comprises a backlight for applying light to a liquid crystal panel, which includes an optical plate at one side of a liquid crystal panel and a light source at the side of the optical plate to supply light to the optical plate; and a tape carrier package for liquid crystal driver including a semiconductor integrated circuit device, wherein the tape carrier package for liquid crystal driver is bent on the bent portion of the light source of the backlight.The present invention makes it possible to realize a high-reliability bent TCP, minimize the frame of a liquid crystal display by applying the bent TCP, and realize OA equipment such as a high-reliability, compact, lightweight, and thin word processor or notebook PC superior in the portability.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve includes a semiconductor substrate having a region for a plurality of switching elements formed in a matrix form. A first metal layer is formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate through an insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by first slits. A second metal layer is formed on the first metal layer through another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by second slits. A third metal layer is formed on the second metal layer through still another insulating layer and divided into a plurality of parts by third slits. An opposite substrate has an opposite electrode on a surface thereof, disposed so as to be opposite to said third metal layer through an interval on the opposite electrode side. Liquid crystal fills the interval between said opposite electrode and the third metal layer.

Abstract: In a projection-type display apparatus using light scattering type liquid crystal devices, light from a light source is reflected by a reflecting mirror through a collecting lens; reflected light is converted by a lens into a parallel light beam, which is injected into liquid crystal devices disposed on three sides through a dichroic mirror, the liquid crystal devices coloring an image in red, green and blue; the image is projected on a screen through again the dichroic mirror, the collecting lens and an enlarging lens. Further a photodetector is disposed at a focal point of the collecting lens and a function of adjusting the position of the light source on the basis of a result of this detection is added.

Abstract: A method of driving a gray scale and a drive circuit therefor are provided in which the simplification and reduction of the operating speed of a circuit for generating display voltages in a matrix display device are promoted, and low cost and multi-color display of high minuteness are simultaneously realized. The display circuit for generating the display voltages is composed of an image signal processing circuit for dividing an input digital image signal into plural bit groups, a first display voltage generating circuit for generating the display voltages corresponding to the first bit group obtained by the division, a second display voltage generating circuit for generating the display voltages corresponding to the second bit group obtained by the division, and a line-at-a-time timing circuit. The first and second display voltage generating circuits are operated in parallel to combine the outputs thereof with one another, thereby to generate a gray scale displaying voltage.

Abstract: An active matrix reflective type liquid crystal display is provided which is obtained by an easy alignment of the respective layers of the display, and the use of small TFTs and a reduced number of manufacturing steps. Each TFT comprises a drain electrode which comprises an area where a scanning conductor and a signal conductor concerned intersect, a source electrode which comprises an area where a short-circuiting conductor concerned parallel to the signal conductor and the associated scanning conductor concerned intersect, a gate electrode which comprises an area provided between the drain and source electrodes concerned on the scanning conductor and a reflective electrode concerned provided at an end of the short-circuiting conductor concerned.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal matrix panel for displaying information having a plurality of liquid crystal pixels which are arranged in a matrix and to which driving voltages are applied from X electrodes and Y electrodes, a driving circuit for supplying the driving voltages to the Y electrodes, and a circuit for superimposing a compensating voltage for masking waveform distortion of a liquid crystal driving voltage by constantly changing the waveform thereof on at least one of the X electrode driving circuit and the Y electrode driving circuit.

Abstract: A gray scale display, which is provided with a liquid crystal panel consisting of switching elements and a liquid crystal layer superposed thereon; a digital-time function transforming device for transforming digital signals including gray scale information into time function signals; and a time function-gray scale transforming device for sampling a brightness reference signal varying with respect to time, responding to the time function signals and generating gray scale signals corresponding to the signal voltage applied to the switching elements. The time function-gray scale transforming device, in which the brightness reference signal is inputted, samples the signal, responding to time function signals such as a pulse phase signal, a pulse width signal, etc., to obtain a signal voltage. In this way it is possible to reduce the size of a signal voltage generating circuit and to lower signal speed of the operation of the circuit.

Abstract: A high-speed scanning method uses a K(K.gtoreq.3)-number of semiconductor switch elements each having a first main electrode responsive to an input signal, a second main electrode, and a control electrode responsive to a control signal for controlling the transmissive and intransmissive states of said input signal from the first main electrode to the second main electrode; and capacitive loads connected respectively with the second main electrode of each of said K-number of semiconductor switch elements, for shifting one of the K-number of semiconductor switch elements sequentially with a predetermined period from the transmissive state to the intransmissive state or vice versa, wherein, the time, for which an arbitary L(K>L.gtoreq.