Abstract: A fuel injection pump for a diesel engine includes a means for calculating a proper fuel injection amount per each engine stroke and a means for injecting an amount of fuel per each engine stroke approximately equal to this proper fuel injection amount determined by this injection amount calculating means. The pump also includes a means for calculating a reference combustion time which represents approximately how long combustion in an engine stroke should last, and a means for detecting the approximate start and end of combustion in that engine stroke.

Abstract: An idle speed control valve is provided in a bypass path of an intake system and has its opening controlled by control pulse signals. The idle speed control valve is designed to increase the opening in proportion to the increase or decrease of the duty ratio of the control pulse signal and completely close the opening at 0% or 100% of the duty ratio. According to this invention, to completely close the idle speed control valve, instead of sending the control pulse signal of 0% or 100% of duty ratio to the idle speed control valve, the transmission of the control pulse signal is interrupted or the idle speed control valve is driven by continuous direct current.

Abstract: In an internal-combustion engine having a supercharger and an air-bypass passage for controlling the idle speed, when the engine is being cranked, the air-bypass passage is completely open. When the engine is not being cranked and the supercharger is operating, the air-bypass passage is completely closed. Further, when the engine is not being cranked and the supercharger is not operating, the opening of the air-bypass passage is adjusted in accordance with predetermined operating parameters.

Abstract: A method for detecting knock for an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders in which a vibration sensor is attached to each cylinder and a peak value of vibration detected by the sensor is sampled over a predetermined interval near the top dead center. The sampled value is converted from analog to digital and stored for a predetermined number of sampling times to obtain the average value for each cylinder. Then the frequency of occurrences in which the ratio between the sampled peak value and the average value exceeds a reference value is obtained, and the knock is determined when the frequency of occurrences in any one cylinder exceeds a predetermined value or when the average frequency of occurrences of the all cylinders exceed another predetermined value.

Abstract: In a nuclear fusion device having a torus type vacuum shell around which toroidal coils and poloidal coils are wound and arranged and whose interior is maintained in a high vacuum state, the bending rigidity of a shell wall in a circular cross section of the vacuum shell is made higher on the outer periphery side than on the inner periphery side of the circular cross section, thereby to prevent any deformation of the vacuum shell due to a magnetic force and any damage of the shell attendant upon the deformation in a process in which the coils are energized to confine a plasma within the vacuum shell. Moreover, without increasing the inner diameter of the circular cross section of the vacuum shell, the coils are located in proximity to the plasma so as to enhance the plasma producing efficiency.