Abstract: Provided is a photo-oxidation reaction of benzylic C—H bonds of an aromatic compound under the catalysis of an acid catalyst. The method aims to synthesize aromatic acids and acetophenones. The acid catalyst is one of Bronsted acids, including one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and potassium hydrogen sulfate, as well as N-propylsulfonate pyridinium hydrogensulfate, N-butylsulfonate pyridinium hydrogensulfate, N-propylsulfonate pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, N-butylsulfonate pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, N-propylsulfonate pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, and N-butylsulfonate pyridinium tetrafluoroborate. The oxidation reaction is conducted under mild conditions (normal temperature and pressure) using air or oxygen as the oxidant in the presence of recyclable catalyst and solvent.

Abstract: A Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanning system, having a window blockage detector, aids in delivering reliable point cloud data associated with surroundings during instances of window blockage. A laser source within the system may generate one or more beams of light transmitted through a window, scanning the surroundings for external objects. The window blockage detector couples to receive scattered light from the window, as well as returning light from an object in the path of one or more light beams. From the scattered and returning light pulses, the window blockage detector having a thresholding method determines a window state relative to a select one of the following states including, unblocked, blocked, and null; wherein the null state exists when the beam of light intersects an empty sky or a highly absorbent object. Thereby, the LiDAR system provide a more accurate picture of a vehicles surrounding.

Abstract: An apparatus of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning system for at least partial integration with a vehicle is disclosed. The apparatus comprises an optical core assembly including an oscillating reflective element, an optical polygon element, and transmitting and collection optics. The apparatus includes a first exterior surface at least partially bounded by at least a first portion of a vehicle roof or at least a portion of a vehicle windshield. A surface profile of the first exterior surface aligns with a surface profile associated with at least one of the first portion of the vehicle roof or the portion of the vehicle windshield. A combination of the first exterior surface and the one or more additional exterior surfaces form a housing enclosing the optical core assembly including the oscillating reflective element, the optical polygon element, and the transmitting and collection optics.

Abstract: An endogenic protection method for function security and network security of a sensing and decision-making module of an intelligent connected vehicle, including the following steps: designing and implementing four sensing and decision-making units having the same function and a certain degree of heterogeneity, and deploying same on a vehicle; the four units respectively deducing real-time vehicle control decision-making results according to sensed information; an arbiter performing accurate arbitration and approximate arbitration according to decision-making results of three of the sensing and decision-making units; and finally, according to different decision-making results of the arbiter, the vehicle executing a CAN command, or replacing an anomalous unit and performing arbitration again, or operating according to a failure mode until the vehicle stops.

Abstract: A compact LiDAR device is provided. The compact LiDAR device includes a first mirror disposed to receive one or more light beams and a polygon mirror optically coupled to the first mirror. The polygon mirror comprises a plurality of reflective facets. For at least two of the plurality of reflective facets, each reflective facet is arranged such that: a first edge, a second edge, and a third edge of the reflective facet correspond to a first line, a second line, and a third line; the first line and the second line intersect to form a first internal angle of a plane comprising the reflective facet; and the first line and the third line intersect to form a second internal angle of the plane comprising the reflective facet. The first internal angle is an acute angle; and the second internal angle is an obtuse angle.

Abstract: Provided is a photo-oxidation reaction of benzylic C—H bonds of an aromatic compound under the catalysis of an acid catalyst. The method aims to synthesize aromatic acids and acetophenones. The acid catalyst is one of Bronsted acids, including one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and potassium hydrogen sulfate, as well as N-propylsulfonate pyridinium hydrogensulfate, N-butylsulfonate pyridinium hydrogensulfate, N-propylsulfonate pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, N-butylsulfonate pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, N-propylsulfonate pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, and N-butylsulfonate pyridinium tetrafluoroborate. The oxidation reaction is conducted under mild conditions (normal temperature and pressure) using air or oxygen as the oxidant in the presence of recyclable catalyst and solvent.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system for scanning and reconfiguring regions-of-interest (ROIs) is provided. The system comprises a LiDAR scanner configured to scan a current set of ROIs within a field-of-view (FOV), and a LiDAR perception sub-system coupled to the LiDAR scanner. The LIDAR perception sub-system includes instructions for: obtaining sensor data provided at least by the LiDAR scanner; deriving one or more current perceptions based on the sensor data; obtaining one or more predefined perception policies; determining one or more policy-based ROI candidates; determining whether an ROI reconfiguration request is provided, based on a vehicle perception decision; determining one or more request-based ROI candidates based on the ROI reconfiguration request; and determining a next set of ROIs for the LiDAR scanner to scan based on the current set of ROIs, and one or both of the one or more policy-based ROI candidates and the one or more request-based ROI candidates.

Abstract: A compact LiDAR device is provided. The compact LiDAR device includes a first mirror disposed to receive one or more light beams and a polygon mirror optically coupled to the first mirror. The polygon mirror comprises a plurality of reflective facets. For at least two of the plurality of reflective facets, each reflective facet is arranged such that: a first edge, a second edge, and a third edge of the reflective facet correspond to a first line, a second line, and a third line; the first line and the second line intersect to form a first internal angle of a plane comprising the reflective facet; and the first line and the third line intersect to form a second internal angle of the plane comprising the reflective facet. The first internal angle is an acute angle; and the second internal angle is an obtuse angle.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning system is provided. The system comprises a light steering device; a galvanometer mirror controllable to oscillate between two angular positions; and a plurality of transmitter channels configured to direct light to the galvanometer mirror. The plurality of transmitter channels are separated by an angular channel spacing from one another. The system further comprises a control device. Inside an end-of-travel region, the control device controls the galvanometer mirror to move based on a first mirror movement profile. Outside the end-of-travel region, the control device controls the galvanometer mirror to move based on a second mirror movement profile. The second mirror movement profile is different from the first mirror-movement profile. Movement of the galvanometer mirror based on the first mirror movement profile facilitates minimizing instances of scanlines corresponding to the end-of-travel region having a pitch exceeding a first target pitch.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system for detecting objects in blind-spot areas is provided. The system comprises a housing and a scanning-based LiDAR assembly disposed in the housing. The scanning-based LiDAR assembly includes a first light source, a multi-facet polygon, collimation lenses, collection lenses, and a light detector. The first light source is configured to provide a plurality of light beams. The multi-facet polygon is rotatable to scan the plurality of light beams to illuminate an FOV. The multi-facet polygon and the first light source are vertically stacked. The collimation lenses are optically coupled to the first light source, and are configured to collimate the plurality of light beams provided by the first light source. The one or more collection lenses are configured to collect return light generated based on the illumination of the first FOV. The light detector is configured to receive the collected return light.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system for detecting objects in blind-spot areas is provided. The system comprises a housing, a scanning-based LiDAR assembly disposed in the housing, and a non-scanning-based LiDAR assembly also disposed in the housing. The scanning-based LiDAR assembly is configured to scan a plurality of light beams to illuminate a first field-of-view (FOV). The non-scanning-based LiDAR assembly is configured to transmit laser light to illuminate a second FOV without scanning. The scanning-based LiDAR assembly's detection distance range extends beyond the detection distance range of the non-scanning-based LiDAR assembly.

Abstract: Embodiments discussed herein refer to LiDAR systems and methods that monitor for fault conditions that could potentially result in unsafe operation of a laser. The systems and methods can monitor for faulty conditions involving a transmitter system and movement of mirrors in a scanning system. When a fault condition is monitored, a shutdown command is sent to the transmitter system to cease laser transmission. The timing by which the laser should cease transmission is critical in preventing unsafe laser exposure, and embodiments discussed herein enable fault detection and laser shutoff to comply with laser safety standards.

Abstract: A service transmission method and apparatus, a sender and a storage medium are disclosed. The service transmission method, applied to at a sender, may include: preempting, by one transmission entity, a transmission opportunity of another transmission entity to perform service transmission.

Abstract: A video motion estimation method including obtaining a plurality of image frames in a video, and performing scenario classification processing on the plurality of image frames to obtain a plurality of image frame sets. The method further includes extracting a contour feature and a color feature of a foreground object of each image frame, and determining a search range corresponding to each image frame set. The method further includes determining a starting search point in each predicted frame. The method further includes, for each image frame set, performing motion estimation processing in a search region corresponding to the search range of each predicted frame set based on the starting search point of the respective predicted frame, a reference block in at least one reference frame of the respective image frame set, and the color feature of the foreground object, to obtain a motion vector corresponding to the reference block.

Abstract: Embodiments discussed herein refer to LiDAR systems and methods that enable substantially instantaneous power and frequency control over fiber lasers. The systems and methods can simultaneously control seed laser power and frequency and pump power and frequency to maintain relative constant ratios among each other to maintain a relatively constant excited state ion density of the fiber laser over time.

Abstract: Embodiments discussed herein refer to LiDAR systems and methods that monitor for fault conditions that could potentially result in unsafe operation of a laser. The systems and methods can monitor for faulty conditions involving a transmitter system and movement of mirrors in a scanning system. When a fault condition is monitored, a shutdown command is sent to the transmitter system to cease laser transmission. The timing by which the laser should cease transmission is critical in preventing unsafe laser exposure, and embodiments discussed herein enable fault detection and laser shutoff to comply with laser safety standards.

Abstract: An apparatus of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning system for at least partial integration with a vehicle is disclosed. The apparatus comprises an optical core assembly including an oscillating reflective element, an optical polygon element, and transmitting and collection optics. The apparatus includes a first exterior surface at least partially bounded by at least a first portion of a vehicle roof or at least a portion of a vehicle windshield. A surface profile of the first exterior surface aligns with a surface profile associated with at least one of the first portion of the vehicle roof or the portion of the vehicle windshield. A combination of the first exterior surface and the one or more additional exterior surfaces form a housing enclosing the optical core assembly including the oscillating reflective element, the optical polygon element, and the transmitting and collection optics.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning system for at least partial integration with a vehicle roof is disclosed. The system comprises one or more optical core assemblies at least partially integrated with the vehicle roof and positioned proximate to one or more pillars of the vehicle roof. At least one optical core assembly comprises an oscillating reflective element, an optical polygon element, and transmitting and collection optics. At least a portion or a side surface of the at least one optical core assembly protrudes outside of a planar surface of the vehicle roof to facilitate scanning of light. The portion of the at least one optical core assembly that protrudes outside of the planar surface of the vehicle roof also protrudes in a vertical direction by an amount corresponding to a lateral arrangement of the optical polygon element, the oscillating reflective element, and the transmitting and collection optics.

Abstract: A LiDAR system comprising a plurality of transmitter channels is provided. The LiDAR system comprises a light source providing a light beam and a collimation lens optically coupled to the light source to form a collimated light beam based on the light beam. The LiDAR system further comprises an optical beam splitter configured to form a plurality of output light beams based on the collimated light beam. The optical characteristics of the optical beam splitter are configured to facilitate forming the plurality of output light beams with substantially equal light intensity. The optical characteristics comprise one or more of transmission, reflection, and diffraction characteristics.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning system is provided. The system comprises a light steering device; a galvanometer mirror controllable to oscillate between two angular positions; and a plurality of transmitter channels configured to direct light to the galvanometer mirror. The plurality of transmitter channels are separated by an angular channel spacing from one another. The system further comprises a control device. Inside an end-of-travel region, the control device controls the galvanometer mirror to move based on a first mirror movement profile. Outside the end-of-travel region, the control device controls the galvanometer mirror to move based on a second mirror movement profile. The second mirror movement profile is different from the first mirror-movement profile. Movement of the galvanometer mirror based on the first mirror movement profile facilitates minimizing instances of scanlines corresponding to the end-of-travel region having a pitch exceeding a first target pitch.