Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having drum shape, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has wrinkles, and when an observation region having square form with one side of 100 ?m is placed at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a first reference line L1, and 3,599 reference lines obtained by rotating the first reference line L1 at every 0.1° around the central point are defined as L2 to L3,600, respectively, each of L1 to L3,600 intersects with convex portions of the wrinkles at a plurality of locations and has at least two different intersection angles selected from the plurality of locations.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer. The surface layer comprises a polycarbonate resin (?) and a polycarbonate resin (?). The polycarbonate resin (?) has a structural unit represented by a following formula (A) described herein and a structural unit represented by a following formula (B) described herein. The polycarbonate resin (?) has a structure having a dimethylsiloxane moiety.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which streaky image damage can be suppressed throughout long-term use in a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer comprising a polyarylate and a polycarbonate, wherein the polyarylate has at least one structural unit selected from the group consisting of a structural unit represented by the following formula (1-1), a structural unit represented by the following formula (1-2) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (1-3), and the polycarbonate has a structural unit represented by the following formula (2-1).

Abstract: Provided is a process cartridge integrally supporting an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit, and being detachably attachable onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit represented by the formula (1), a structural unit represented by the formula (2), and a structural unit represented by the formula (3). Toner contains: a toner particle containing a resin; and an external additive. The external additive contains a particle of a silicon atom-containing compound, and a content ratio of the particle of the silicon atom-containing compound in the toner is 2.0 to 3.0 mass % with respect to a total mass of the toner. Also provided is an electrophotographic apparatus including the process cartridge.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: forming a photosensitive layer; and forming a protective layer, wherein the step of forming the photosensitive layer forms a photosensitive layer having an amount of residual solvent of a first solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.05% to 2.50% and an amount of residual solvent of a second solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.50% to 2.50%, and the step of forming the protective layer includes step (A) of forming a cured film and step (B) of forming the protective layer having wrinkle shapes, wherein, in step (A), the irradiated coating film is heated at a heating temperature lower than a boiling point of the first solvent and in step (B), the cured film is heated at a heating temperature higher than a boiling point of the first solvent.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that is excellent in image smearing resistance and low torque while maintaining its electrophotographic characteristic. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including, in this order: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a protection layer as a surface layer, wherein the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0%, and wherein an A value represented by the following formula (1) is 0.10 to 0.27: A=S1/S2 . . . formula (1), where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area based on C?C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and S2 represents a peak area based on C?O stretching vibration of an ester group by the same method.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus in which streak-like banding to be formed in an electrophotographic photosensitive member is suppressed. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has a protective layer, and a developer carrying member for supplying a developer. The protective layer contains a cured product containing an aromatic ring and an ester group, by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, when a peak area based on C?C stretching vibration of the aromatic ring is represented by S1, and a peak area based on C?O stretching vibration of the ester group is represented by S2, an area ratio S1/S2 is 0.10 to 0.27, and a rotation speed ratio D1/D2 of a rotation speed D1 of the developer carrying member to a rotation speed D2 of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.80 to 1.20.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that is excellent in image smearing resistance and low torque while maintaining its electrophotographic characteristic. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising, in this order: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a protection layer as a surface layer, wherein the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0%, and wherein an A value represented by the following formula (1) is 0.10 to 0.27: A=S1/S2 . . . formula (1), where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area based on C?C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and S2 represents a peak area based on C?O stretching vibration of an ester group by the same method.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus in which streak-like banding to be formed in an electrophotographic photosensitive member is suppressed. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprises an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has a protective layer, and a developer carrying member for supplying a developer. The protective layer contains a cured product containing an aromatic ring and an ester group, by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, when a peak area based on C?C stretching vibration of the aromatic ring is represented by S1, and a peak area based on C?O stretching vibration of the ester group is represented by S2, an area ratio S1/S2 is 0.10 to 0.27, and a rotation speed ratio D1/D2 of a rotation speed D1 of the developer carrying member to a rotation speed D2 of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.80 to 1.20.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive drum that achieves both of a reduction in torque of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum at the time of its cleaning and an improvement in image transferability. The electrophotographic photosensitive drum includes: a support; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the support, the electrophotographic photosensitive drum having arranged on an outer surface thereof at least two structure groups having different appearance periods, wherein when, out of the two structure groups, a group including structures having a smaller appearance period is defined as a first structure group, and a group including structures having a larger appearance period is defined as a second structure group, a height of the first structure group is lower than a height of the second structure group.

Abstract: A process cartridge which allows any spot and stripe as image defects to be suppressed is provided. A process cartridge, in which an electroconductive layer of a charging member has a matrix including a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains include a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed on a surface of the charging member, when a volume resistivity of the matrix is 105 times or more a volume resistivity of the domains, a protective layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a metal oxide particle, and when a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle is defined as Sm and an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains is defined as Sd, the Sd/Sm satisfies the following expression (1): 0.5<Sd/Sm<100 . . . expression (1).

Abstract: There is provided a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member, wherein an outer surface of the charging member is composed of at least a matrix and at least a part of domains, a volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.0×105 times or more of a volume resistivity of the domain, an average value Sd of circle equivalent diameters of the domains observed on the outer surface of the charging member is in a predetermined range, the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order and when a surface roughness of the protective layer is measured, each of a protruding valley portion Rvk, a load length ratio Mr2, and Sd/Rvk is in a predetermined range.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having drum shape, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has wrinkles, and when an observation region having square form with one side of 100 ?m is placed at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a first reference line L1, and 3,599 reference lines obtained by rotating the first reference line L1 at every 0.1° around the central point are defined as L2 to L3,600, respectively, each of L1 to L3,600 intersects with convex portions of the wrinkles at a plurality of locations and has at least two different intersection angles selected from the plurality of locations.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 ?m or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.

Abstract: There is provided a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member, wherein an outer surface of the charging member is composed of at least a matrix and at least a part of domains, a volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.0×105 times or more of a volume resistivity of the domain, an average value Sd of circle equivalent diameters of the domains observed on the outer surface of the charging member is in a predetermined range, the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order and when a surface roughness of the protective layer is measured, each of a protruding valley portion Rvk, a load length ratio Mr2, and Sd/Rvk is in a predetermined range.

Abstract: A process cartridge which allows any spot and stripe as image defects to be suppressed is provided. A process cartridge, in which an electroconductive layer of a charging member has a matrix including a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains include a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed on a surface of the charging member, when a volume resistivity of the matrix is 105 times or more a volume resistivity of the domains, a protective layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a metal oxide particle, and when a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle is defined as Sm and an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains is defined as Sd, the Sd/Sm satisfies the following expression (1): 0.5<Sd/Sm<100 . . . expression (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a protective layer wherein the density unevenness among output images is reduced with abrasion resistance maintained is provided. The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a cyclic structure represented by the formula (1) or (2): and an A value expressed by expression (4), A=S1/S2, wherein, in expression (4), S1 is a peak area based on in-plane deformation vibration of terminal olefin (CH2?), and S2 is a peak area based on stretching vibration of C?O among peak areas of a spectrum obtained by measuring a surface of the protective layer by total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using Ge as an internal reflection element and using a measurement condition of 45° as an incidence angle is from 0.065 to 0.100.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order includes: forming a coating film for a protective layer by coating a coating liquid for the protective layer for forming the protective layer on the photosensitive layer and curing the coating film for the protective layer, in which the coating liquid for the protective layer contains a solvent, a compound represented by a general formula (1), a compound represented by a general formula (2), and a compound represented by a general formula (3) at a specific ratio. In addition, in an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order, the protective layer is obtained by curing a coating liquid for the protective layer.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 ?m or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.