Abstract: A composition that contains a compound represented by the formula (1) is dissolved in an organic compound, and the composition is purified by using a basic adsorbent that contains at least 15% by mass magnesium and has a volume average particle diameter of 10 ?m to 500 ?m, both inclusive. An undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid is prepared by removing the basic adsorbent and dispersing metal oxide particles in the obtained solution containing the purified form of the composition. An undercoat layer is formed by forming a coat of the undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid and drying the coat.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer is an electron transporting layer and contains a metal salt of organic acid having at least one metal element selected from Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer has a structure represented by the formula (C1) or the formula (C2).

Abstract: An undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of a composition that contains an isocyanate compound having a specific structure, a resin having a specific structure, and an electron transporting substance having a specific structure.

Abstract: An undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of (cured material) a composition that contains a particular crosslinking agent, a particular resin, and a particular charge transporting substance.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated body and a hole transporting layer formed on the laminated body, wherein the laminated body has a support, an electron transporting layer and a charge generating layer in this order, and satisfies the following expressions (2) and (4): |Vl2?Vl1|?0.35??(2) 0.10?|(Vd2?Vl3)/Vd2|?0.20??(4).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer having a structure represented by formula (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an undercoat layer is a layer of which at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (1), a compound represented by the formula (2), a compound represented by the formula (3) and a compound represented by the formula (4) can be detected by gas chromatography analysis when the undercoat layer is heated at 150° C. for 60 minutes by headspace method.

Abstract: An electron transporting layer is a cured layer including carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. When ratios of the number of carbon atoms, ratios of the number of nitrogen atoms, and ratios of the number of oxygen atoms are analyzed at 10 points by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA), the respective standard deviations, ?(C), ?(N) and ?(O), of the ratios of the number of carbon atoms, the ratios of the number of nitrogen atoms and the ratios of the number of oxygen atoms satisfy the following expressions (1) to (3): ?(C)?1.5??(1), ?(N)?1.5??(2), and ?(O)?1.5??(3).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated body, and a hole transporting layer formed on the laminated body, wherein the laminated body is a laminated body having a conductive support, an electron transporting layer and a charge generating layer. When an impedance is measured by forming a circular-shaped gold electrode having a thickness of 300 nm and a diameter of 10 mm on a surface of the charge generating layer of the laminated body by sputtering, and applying an alternating electric field of 100 mV and 0.1 Hz between the conductive support and the gold electrode, the laminated body of the electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfies the following expression (1): R_opt/R_dark?0.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an intermediate layer contains metal oxide particles, an organic resin, and a specific compound (fluorenone derivative), and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a long-term potential variation and a short-term potential variation are suppressed, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. The intermediate layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an organic resin and rutile-type titanium oxide crystal particles which contain tin and have an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 9 nm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a long-term potential variation and a short-term potential variation are suppressed, a method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. An intermediate layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by applying a coating liquid for the intermediate layer, which contains an organic resin and a rutile-type acidic titania sol containing tin, and drying the applied coating liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyvinyl acetal resin having a specific repeating structural unit, an electrophotographic photosensitive member using the polyvinyl acetal resin, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a long-term potential variation and a short-term potential variation are suppressed, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. The intermediate layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an organic resin and rutile-type titanium oxide crystal particles which contain tin and have an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 9 nm or less.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an intermediate layer contains metal oxide particles, an organic resin, and a specific compound (fluorenone derivative), and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a potential variation over a long time period and a potential variation within a short time period are suppressed. A method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an intermediate layer is a layer formed by coating and drying a coating liquid for an intermediate layer, containing an acidic titania sol and an organic resin, and the acidic titania sol is an acidic sol containing anatase-type titanium oxide crystal particles having an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 9 nm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a potential variation over a long time period and a potential variation within a short time period are suppressed. A method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an intermediate layer is a layer formed by coating and drying a coating liquid for an intermediate layer, containing an acidic titania sol and an organic resin, and the acidic titania sol is an acidic sol containing anatase-type titanium oxide crystal particles having an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 9 nm or less.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyvinyl acetal resin having a specific repeating structural unit, an electrophotographic photosensitive member using the polyvinyl acetal resin, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: A process for producing a halogenated aromatic amine compound by allowing an aromatic amine compound to react with a dihalogenated aromatic compound in the presence of i) a metallic catalyst having a phosphorus-containing ligand having at least one cyclic hydrocarbon group and ii) a basic compound in a non-reactive solvent.