Abstract: High dielectric layers formed from layers of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, and/or other metal oxides and silicates disposed on silicon substrates may be nitrided and post thermally treated by oxidation, annealing, or a combination of oxidation and annealing to form high dielectric layers having superior mobility and interfacial characteristics.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing valve seats using a laser cladding process is provided that includes forming a casting material on which the valve seats are to be formed; fabricating a valve seat target position on which laser cladding will be performed, the valve seat target position being provided at a location on the casting material where a valve seat is to be formed; removing an oxidation film formed on the valve seat target position; injecting a metal powder mixture on the valve seat target position, the metal powder mixture being realized through a mixture of two or more metal powders at a predetermined ratio by weight %; and irradiating a laser beam on the metal powder mixture to clad the metal powder mixture on the valve seat target position to thereby form the valve seat.