Abstract: A toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester. In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the toner is heated to 180° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, then cooled to 25° C. at a rate of 10° C./min and successively from 25° C. to 15° C. at a rate of 3° C./min, and heated again to 180° C. at a rate of 10° C./min. As a result, an exothermic amount P1 when the toner is cooled from 80° C. to 40° C. is 1.00 J/g or less, an exothermic amount P2 when the toner is cooled from 25° C. to 15° C. is 0.10 J/g or more, and when a sum of endothermic amounts P3 (J/g) when the toner is heated again from 40° C. to 180° C. and a sum of exothermic amounts P4 (J/g) when the toner is cooled from 180° C. to 40° C. satisfies 2.0 ? P3-P4 ? 10.0.

Abstract: The toner comprises a toner particle that contains a binder resin, a polymer C, and a pigment, wherein at least a portion of the polymer C is bonded with at least a portion of the pigment; in solid-state NMR measurement at 60° C. using as a sample, a solid fraction collected according to a prescribed procedure in which the toner is dissolved in chloroform, transverse relaxation time T2 of a peak observed at 1.5 ppm to 2.5 ppm is 1.0 ms to 50.0 ms; and using a SPA (J/cm3)0.5 for a SP value of the binder resin and a SPB (J/cm3)0.5 for a SP value of the polymer C, the SPA and the SPB satisfy a following formula (1). 1.0?SPA?SPB?2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin and a release agent. The binder resin contains an amorphous resin and a crystalline resin, and a content of the crystalline resin is 1.0% to 20.0% by mass based on a mass of the binder resin. In a cross-section of the toner particle observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, (i) there exist a matrix A of the amorphous resin and domains A of the release agent dispersed in the matrix A, (ii) the domains A each include a matrix B of the release agent and domains B of the crystalline resin dispersed in the matrix B, and (iii) the domains A are each covered with the crystalline resin and an average coverage of the domains A by the crystalline resin is 70% or more.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin containing an amorphous polyester A and a crystalline polyester C, and a wax, and a silica fine particle, wherein the content of the crystalline polyester C is within a specific range, the softening point of the amorphous polyester A satisfies a specific relationship, and in an X-ray diffraction spectrum under a specific temperature condition for the toner, there is a peak corresponding to the crystalline polyester C, a wax index AW1 and a crystalline polyester index AC1 of the toner satisfy a specific relationship, the silica fine particle contains a silica fine particle A having a maximum diameter of primary particle in a specific range, and the average coverages of the surface of the toner before and after the toner is treated with hexane with the silica fine particle A satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein the binder resin comprises an amorphous polyester A and a crystalline polyester C; the amorphous polyester A has an amorphous polyester segment a1 and a2; the amorphous polyester segment a2 has a monomer unit of a specific alcohol a0; the crystalline polyester C is a polymer having a crystalline polyester segment c2 and a crystalline segment c1 bonded to the end of the crystalline polyester segment c2; the crystalline polyester segment c2 has a monomer unit of a specific alcohol b0; an absolute value of a difference between a carbon number of the linear aliphatic polyhydric alcohol a0 and a carbon number of the linear aliphatic polyhydric alcohol b0 is 4 or less; and SP values of the polyester segment a1 and a2, and the crystalline segment c1 and the crystalline polyester segment c2 satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a feature region is output when at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data acquired by an imaging device or data derived from the at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data is input.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a crystalline polyester, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester having a structure represented by the following formula (1): in formula (1), Rs each independently represent hydrogen, a methyl group, or a phenyl group; A represents a polyester segment; B represents a polyester segment or any functional group selected from the group consisting of —R1OH, —R1COOH, and —R1NH2 wherein R1 represents a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group; and the average repeat number n is 10 to 80.

Abstract: A toner, comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein the binder resin comprises an amorphous polyester and a crystalline polyester; (i) a weight-average molecular weight of a soluble matter of the crystalline polyester in o-dichlorobenzene at 100° C. is 1500 to 4900; (ii) the crystalline polyester comprises a modified crystalline polyester having at least one terminal-modified structure selected from among a structure in which a hydroxy group at a main chain terminal of the crystalline polyester is terminal-modified with a C16 to C31 aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and a structure in which a carboxy group at a main chain terminal of the crystalline polyester is terminal-modified with a C15 to C30 aliphatic monoalcohol; and (iii) a content ratio of the terminal-modified structure in the crystalline polyester is 80.0 mol % or higher.

Abstract: A toner, comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a water-soluble polyvalent metal salt, wherein a main component of the binder resin is a polyester resin having specific acid value, the water-soluble polyvalent metal salt is a chloride, nitrate or sulfate of the specific metal, the water-soluble polyvalent metal salt has a solubility in water at 25° C. of 30 to 200 g/100 mL, in a cross-sectional observation of the toner particle, a proportion of the area of domains having a concrete surface area, relative to the total area of domains derived from the water-soluble polyvalent metal salt, is 80 to 100 area %, the expression below is satisfied, where At (area %) denotes the proportion of the total area of domains and Fm (atomic %) denotes the proportion of the polyvalent metal atom relative to the atoms in the toner as detected by X-ray fluorescence analysis. 0.02?At/Fm?0.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a biologically important region is output when data of a constituent maxillofacial region is input.

Abstract: A magnetic carrier comprises a magnetic carrier core and a coating resin layer coating a surface of the magnetic carrier core. The coating resin layer contains resin A and resin B at contents of 1% to 50% by mass and 50% to 90% by mass, respectively, based on resin components of the coating resin layer. The resin A has a first partial structure and a second partial structure, while the resin B has a third partial structure and a fourth partial structure. The mass X of the resin A, the total mass Ma of the first partial structure, and the total mass Mb of the second partial structure satisfy 0.50?(Ma+Mb)/X?1.00 and 0.10?a/b?30.0, and the SP value of the first partial structure SPa1 and the SP value of the third partial structure SPb3 satisfy 0?|SPa1—SPb3|?10.0.

Abstract: A magnetic carrier, which is suppressed from causing the loss and wear of a magnetic carrier coating resin even when used for a long time period, and achieves a stable image density and a reduction in toner scattering. In the magnetic carrier, the resin coating layer contains a resin A having a fluorine polymer moiety, the resin coating layer has an average thickness of 50 nm or more, a ratio F(x) (atomic %) of a fluorine atom detected at a position at a depth of x nm from a surface of a magnetic carrier particle by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy satisfies formula (1) and formula (2), and when x represents an integer of 0 or more and 20 or less, F(x) satisfies formula (3): 5.0?F(0)?15??(1) F(20)?5.0??(2) |F(x+1)?F(x)|?7.5??(3).

Abstract: A toner includes toner particles containing a binder resin, a colorant, and inorganic fine particles, in which in a depth profile of an element distribution in a depth region from the outermost surface of a particle to a depth of 500 nm the depth profile being obtained by an element analysis performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using the toner as a sample, two or more minimum points of a concentration of a carbon element in the depth region exist, a concentration of an inorganic element becomes a maximum value at a depth position corresponding to each of the minimum points, and the inorganic element is an element derived from the inorganic fine particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a polymer A, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester resin having a specific structure, the polymer A has a first monomer unit derived from a specific (meth)acrylic acid ester and a second monomer unit different from the first monomer unit, a content ratio of the first monomer unit in the polymer A is 5.0 mol % to 60.0 mol % while a content ratio of the second monomer unit in the polymer A is 20.0 mol % to 95.0 mol %, and the SP value of the first monomer unit, the SP value of the second monomer unit, and the SP value of a silicone segment contained in the specific structure satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin containing at least 50 mass % of a polyester resin, wherein the polyester resin contains a polyester resin A having a silicone segment, and in XPS analysis, when X is a ratio of the number of silicon atoms attributable to silicone segments relative to a total number of measured atoms, X1 is a value of the X on the toner particle surface, X2 is a value of the X at a depth of 30 nm from the surface, Z is a ratio of the number of carbon atoms attributable to ester bonds relative to a total number of measured atoms, Z1 is a value of the Z on the toner particle surface and Z2 is a value of the Z at a depth of 30 nm from the toner particle surface, X1, Z1, X2 and Z2 satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a crystalline polyester, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester having a structure represented by the following formula (1): in formula (1), Rs each independently represent hydrogen, a methyl group, or a phenyl group; A represents a polyester segment; B represents a polyester segment or any functional group selected from the group consisting of —R1OH, —R1COOH, and —R1NH2 wherein R1 represents a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group; and the average repeat number n is 10 to 80.

Abstract: By turning an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector around a head of a subject, an imaging region is irradiated with an X-ray beam from a plurality of directions to obtain an X-ray projection image. When a center axis X-ray of the X-ray beam passing through a turning center axis is orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest, the X-ray detector is caused to approach the tomographic layer of interest while the X-ray generator is moved away from the tomographic layer of interest as compared to when the center axis X-ray is not orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest.

Abstract: There is provided a method for controlling an electrophotographic apparatus including forming a first measurement image by performing first halftone processing on image data, forming a second measurement image by performing second halftone processing different from the first halftone processing on the image data, measuring densities of the first measurement image and the second measurement image, calculating a density difference between each of densities of the measurement images, determining whether the density difference satisfies a predetermined reference value, and applying a surface treatment on an electrophotographic photosensitive member if the density difference does not satisfy the reference value, during a non-image formation period.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a biologically important region is output when data of a constituent maxillofacial region is input.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a feature region is output when at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data acquired by an imaging device or data derived from the at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data is input.