Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a polymer A, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester resin having a specific structure, the polymer A has a first monomer unit derived from a specific (meth)acrylic acid ester and a second monomer unit different from the first monomer unit, a content ratio of the first monomer unit in the polymer A is 5.0 mol % to 60.0 mol % while a content ratio of the second monomer unit in the polymer A is 20.0 mol % to 95.0 mol %, and the SP value of the first monomer unit, the SP value of the second monomer unit, and the SP value of a silicone segment contained in the specific structure satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a crystalline polyester, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester having a structure represented by the following formula (1): in formula (1), Rs each independently represent hydrogen, a methyl group, or a phenyl group; A represents a polyester segment; B represents a polyester segment or any functional group selected from the group consisting of —R1OH, —R1COOH, and —R1NH2 wherein R1 represents a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group; and the average repeat number n is 10 to 80.

Abstract: By turning an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector around a head of a subject, an imaging region is irradiated with an X-ray beam from a plurality of directions to obtain an X-ray projection image. When a center axis X-ray of the X-ray beam passing through a turning center axis is orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest, the X-ray detector is caused to approach the tomographic layer of interest while the X-ray generator is moved away from the tomographic layer of interest as compared to when the center axis X-ray is not orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest.

Abstract: There is provided a method for controlling an electrophotographic apparatus including forming a first measurement image by performing first halftone processing on image data, forming a second measurement image by performing second halftone processing different from the first halftone processing on the image data, measuring densities of the first measurement image and the second measurement image, calculating a density difference between each of densities of the measurement images, determining whether the density difference satisfies a predetermined reference value, and applying a surface treatment on an electrophotographic photosensitive member if the density difference does not satisfy the reference value, during a non-image formation period.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a feature region is output when at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data acquired by an imaging device or data derived from the at least one of projection data and reconfiguration data is input.

Abstract: A learning model provided in a segmentation device is a learning model which is generated using training data such that segmentation data of a biologically important region is output when data of a constituent maxillofacial region is input.

Abstract: By turning an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector around a head of a subject, an imaging region is irradiated with an X-ray beam from a plurality of directions to obtain an X-ray projection image. When a center axis X-ray of the X-ray beam passing through a turning center axis is orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest, the X-ray detector is caused to approach the tomographic layer of interest while the X-ray generator is moved away from the tomographic layer of interest as compared to when the center axis X-ray is not orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest.

Abstract: A dose setting unit generates dose control data in order to change a unit time dose of an X-ray beam with which a subject is irradiated during X-ray tomography. An imaging controller makes X-ray intensity when a center axis X-ray (irradiation axis) of an X-ray beam emitted from an X-ray generator is not orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest relatively smaller than X-ray intensity when the center axis X-ray is orthogonal to the tomographic layer of interest.

Abstract: There is provided a method for controlling an electrophotographic apparatus including forming a first measurement image by performing first halftone processing on image data, forming a second measurement image by performing second halftone processing different from the first halftone processing on the image data, measuring densities of the first measurement image and the second measurement image, calculating a density difference between each of densities of the measurement images, determining whether the density difference satisfies a predetermined reference value, and applying a surface treatment on an electrophotographic photosensitive member if the density difference does not satisfy the reference value, during a non-image formation period.

Abstract: A dose setting unit generates dose control data in order to change a unit time dose of an X-ray beam with which a subject is irradiated during X-ray tomography. An imaging controller makes X-ray intensity when a center axis X-ray (irradiation axis) of an X-ray beam emitted from an X-ray generator is not orthogonal to a tomographic layer of interest relatively smaller than X-ray intensity when the center axis X-ray is orthogonal to the tomographic layer of interest.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photoconductive layer and, provided on the photoconductive layer, a surface layer constituted of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide, the ratio of the number of atoms of carbon atoms (C) to the sum of the number of atoms of silicon atoms (Si) and number of atoms of carbon atoms (C), C/(Si+C), in the surface layer is from 0.61 or more to 0.75 or less, and the sum of atom density of the silicon atoms and atom density of the carbon atoms in the surface layer is 6.60×1022atom/cm3 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus has an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer of an amorphous silicon carbide. The ratio of the atom density (C) of carbon atoms to the sum of the atom density (Si) of silicon atoms and the atom density (C) of carbon atoms, C/(Si+C), in the surface layer is set larger from one end portion toward the other end portion of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in the direction of rotational axis thereof, and is from 0.61 or more to 0.75 or less in the entire region of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in the direction of rotational axis thereof. The electrophotographic apparatus has an air current generator which draws out air from the side of the one end portion toward the side of the other end portion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is configured such that the average value Hx_ave of the content of hydrogen atoms in a central portion area of a photoconductive layer in a cylindrically axial direction thereof, the content Hx of the hydrogen atoms at an arbitrary point in the central portion area, the average value Hy_ave of the content of the hydrogen atoms in an end area of the photoconductive layer in the cylindrically axial direction thereof, and the content Hy of the hydrogen atoms at an arbitrary point in the end area satisfy 10?Hx_ave?30, Hx<Hy, |Hx_ave?Hx|?5, and 2?Hy_ave?Hx_ave?12.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photoconductive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer. When Si+C atom density in the surface layer is represented by DS×1022 atoms/cm3, the DS is 6.60 or more, and when the maximal value of H/(Si+H) in a distribution of hydrogen quantity in the photoconductive layer in a layer thickness direction is represented by HPmax, the average value of the H/(Si+H) in the second photoconductive region is represented by HP2, the DS and the HP2 satisfy the following expression (1) and the DS and the HPmax satisfy the following expression (2). HP2?0.07×DS?0.38??Expression (1) HPmax?0.04×DS+0.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a photoconductive layer, an intermediate layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the photoconductive layer, and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the intermediate layer, wherein a ratio (C/(Si+C); C2) in the surface layer is 0.61 to 0.75, and a sum of atom density of silicon and carbon is 6.60×1022 atoms/cm3 or more, a ratio (C/(Si+C); C1) and a sum (D1) of atom density of silicon and carbon in the intermediate layer increase continuously from the photoconductive layer toward the surface layer without exceeding C2 and D2, and the intermediate layer has a continuous region in which C1 is 0.25 to C2 while D1 is 5.50×1022 to 6.45×1022 atoms/cm3, the region being 150 nm or larger in a layer thickness direction, and an electrophotographic apparatus equipped therewith.