Devices, systems, and methods for improving the accuracy and utility of imaging for cardiovascular procedures
Apparatus and methods are provided for using catheters to increase the accuracy of anatomical maps in the setting of patient movement.
The present application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/681,813, filed Jun. 7, 2018, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates generally to systems and methods for improving imaging during medical procedures, e.g., cardiovascular procedures, and to apparatus and methods for making and using catheters including positional sensors for imaging systems for such procedures. More particularly, the invention relates to catheter devices including positional sensors to improve the accuracy of electro-anatomical maps of the heart and to systems and methods for using such devices.
BACKGROUNDElectro-anatomical mapping has become a common adjunct to interventional cardiology procedures. In particular, this technique is used in the electrophysiology suite to enable accurate placement of catheters in the heart, e.g., for performing ablation procedures. A three-dimensional representation of the heart, including the endocardial surface can be created by introducing a catheter into the heart that includes one or more positional sensors and/or one or more sensors capable of identifying contact or proximity to anatomical structures, e.g., the endocardial surface.
Commonly, an external electromagnetic field generator is placed near the patient such that the generated field encompasses an area of interest, e.g., within the patient. A catheter including an antenna or sensor capable of interacting with the generated field is then introduced into the patient, e.g., into the patient's heart. As is generally known in the art and is available in multiple commercial imaging systems, such antennae and/or sensors can then be located or tracked with a high level of accuracy in three-dimensional space. As the catheter comes into contact with or its proximity to certain anatomical structures can be otherwise determined, one or more points in three-dimensional space can be registered and multiple such points can be combined to create a spatial representation of the patient's anatomy, e.g., the patient's heart. Such spatial maps may be overlaid or co-registered with other imaging modalities, such as Mill, CT, ultrasound imaging, impedance maps, and/or maps of electrical activity. As such, highly functional and intuitive anatomical representations, e.g., of the heart, can be constructed and used to guide interventional procedures in real time.
However, where such maps are constructed with respect to an external frame of reference, e.g., an electro-magnetic field created external to the patient, the created map may be subject to significant inaccuracy in certain common circumstances, for example, when a patient moves with respect to the externally generated frame of reference and/or wherein there are changes in certain physiologic parameters, such as changes in lung volume, respiratory cycle, volume status, and the like.
Accordingly, it would be useful to have devices and methods that correct the spatial relationship between a previously created map and an external frame of reference in order to accurately represent the anatomy after patient movement or physiologic changes.
SUMMARY
The present invention is directed to systems and methods for imaging during medical procedures, such as cardiovascular procedures, and to apparatus and methods for making and using catheters including positional sensors for imaging systems for such procedures. More particularly, the invention is directed to catheter devices incorporating positional sensors to improve the accuracy of electro-anatomical maps of the heart, and to systems and methods for using such devices.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a system is provided for facilitating imaging a patient during a medical procedure that includes an electromagnetic field generator for generating an electromagnetic field around a desired region of a patient's body to provide an external reference frame; an elongate member comprising a proximal end, a distal end sized for introduction into the patient's body, and a distal portion carrying a plurality of sensors spaced apart from one another such that the sensors may be positioned within the patient's body; and a processor coupled to the sensors for receiving signals from the sensors generated in response to the electromagnetic field, the processor configured to identify when the plurality of sensors move relative to the external reference frame to identify corresponding movement of the patient's body.
In accordance with another embodiment, a method is provided for maintaining a stable spatial reference frame relative to cardiac anatomy within a patient's heart that includes introducing a distal portion of an elongate member into the patient's heart such that a first sensor carried on the distal portion is positioned within a coronary sinus and a second sensor is positioned within a tributary vein; generating an electromagnetic field that encompasses the patient's heart to provide an external reference frame; receiving signals from the first and second sensors to identify locations of the first and second sensors relative to the external reference frame; identifying when the locations of the first and second sensors move relative to the external reference frame to identify movement of the patient's heart; and compensating for movement of the patient's heart in images presented on a display.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent from consideration of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, in which:
Turning to the drawings,
The system 1 may include a processor or controller 6 that communicates with the field generator 4 and/or devices (e.g., catheter 10) introduced into the patient's body, e.g., to identify the location of one or more sensors on the devices relative to the external reference frame to facilitate a physician performing a procedure. The processor 6 may also communicate with one or more displays 5 of the system 1, which may be present information to the physician to facilitate locating and/or manipulating devices within the patient's body and/or otherwise performing the procedure.
For example, as shown in
Simultaneously, one or more screens on the display(s) 5 may present additional information during the procedure. For example, screen 5b shows a fluoroscopic image, which may be used to navigate devices and/or image the patient's anatomy, and screen 5c may include a series of electrograms or other patient information, e.g., as are commonly generated during an electrophysiology procedure.
Thus, although the external reference frame provided by the field generator 4 may remain stationary relative to the table 2, the patient 90 may move relative to the table 2 during a procedure even if partially constrained. In addition, internal anatomy of the patient 90 may move or change in response to certain physiologic changes, e.g., the heart 92 may change shape or position, e.g., due to its expansion/contraction, patient volume status change, lung volume changes, and the like.
To provide stable spatial reference with respect to an anatomical structure or structures of interest, e.g. the heart 92, and/or to provide a dynamic spatial reference that changes in a predictable manner when certain physiologic changes occur, the system 1 includes a catheter 10, which may be introduced into the patient's body 90, e.g., into the patient's heart 92. Generally, as described further below, the catheter 10 includes a plurality of sensors whose location may be identified by the processor 6 to identify when the patient's heart 92 and/or body 90 move relative to the reference frame. Based on the identified movement, the processor 6 may modify the information presented on the display(s) 5 and/or provide other compensation relative to the external reference frame, e.g., to provide the physician a dynamic spatial reference while performing the procedure, which may allow the physician to continue manipulating devices and/or accurately performing the procedure at desired anatomical locations despite the movement.
Turning to
In an exemplary embodiment, the distal portion 16 may be flexible and/or deflectable, an intermediate portion may be flexible or semi-rigid, and a proximal portion, e.g., adjacent the proximal end 12, may be rigid or semi-rigid, e.g., to facilitate advancement of the distal portion 16 within the patient's body 90 from the proximal end 12 outside the patient's body 90. Optionally, the distal portion 16 may be steerable, e.g., may include one or more steering elements that control bending or otherwise directing the distal portion 16 from a generally straight or relaxed configuration to a curved or curvilinear configuration, for example, to facilitate manipulation of the distal portion 16 within a patient's body, e.g., to direct the distal end 14 into the coronary sinus CS from the right atrium RA of the heart 92. In this option, the catheter 10 may include one or more actuators, e.g., one or more sliders or dials (not shown) on the hub 18, that may be manipulated to bend or otherwise direct the distal portion 16 to facilitate introducing the distal end 14 into desired passages within the patient's vasculature.
In addition or alternatively, the catheter 10 may include one or more lumens (not shown) extending between the proximal and distal ends 12, 14, e.g., a guidewire lumen to allow a guidewire or other rail (also not shown) to be backloaded into the catheter 10 or otherwise facilitate introduction of the distal end 14 of the catheter 10 into the patient's body and/or desired body lumens over a guidewire.
In the example shown in
In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the sensors 20 may be a six degree of freedom (6 DOF) sensor, i.e., providing signals corresponding to a coordinate position of the sensor in three-dimensional space within the reference frame (e.g., x-y-z), and a rotational position (e.g., pitch-yaw,-roll) of the sensor relative to the external reference frame to identify a location and orientation of the sensor, and the other sensor may provide signals corresponding only to location in three-dimensional space (e.g., x-y-z). In this example, the processor 6 may analyze the signals to identify a plane or other geometric form defined by the sensors relative to the external reference frame to provide an internal reference frame that may be substantially fixed relative to one or more regions of the patient's heart, e.g., to identify the orientation of the coronary sinus CS and/or cardiac veins. Alternatively, two sensors providing only three dimensional positional coordinates (3DOF) may define a line between them to provide a two-dimensional internal reference frame. In a further alternative, three or more 3DOF sensors may be provided on the distal portion that provide signals identifying positional coordinates of the sensors, which the processor 6 may analyze to identify a plane or other geometric form indicative of the location and/or orientation of a region of the patient's heart. Further, any number of additional sensors capable of location within a predetermined number of degrees of freedom may be provided on the catheter, which may enhance the accuracy of the resulting internal reference frame, limited only by cost and complexity of construction of the catheter.
The processor 6 may map or otherwise synchronize the resulting internal reference frame relative to the external reference frame such that, subsequent movement that results in the internal reference frame moving relative to the external reference frame may be used to reestablish the position and/or orientation of the patient's anatomy relative to the external reference frame. For example, the processor 6 may synchronize the internal reference frame with anatomical or spatial maps or other information regarding the patient's anatomy, e.g., to provide a stable spatial reference with respect to one or more anatomical structures of interest, e.g., the heart, and/or to provide a dynamic spatial reference that changes in a predictable manner when certain physiologic changes occur.
For example, when a spatial map has been previously created (and is presented on a display 5) and the patient and/or an anatomical structure moves relative to the external reference frame, the sensors 20 may provide a predictably stable or predictably dynamic reference to the anatomy. For example, when the processor 6 identifies that the sensors 20, and consequently the patient's heart or other anatomy, has moved relative to the external reference frame, the processor 6 may determine the new orientation of the internal reference frame relative to the external reference frame and compensate the spatial map accordingly.
The processor 6 may analyze any changes in position (or orientation) over time of the sensors 20 (and resulting internal reference frame) to define offsets with respect to the external reference frame of the generated field, e.g., between an originally created anatomical map to provide a revised map that accurately depicts the anatomical position after movement. Accordingly, with the distal portion 16 and sensors 20 of the catheter 10 placed within the patient's body, the sensors 20 remain stable or predictably positioned with respect to the anatomy even during movement. It will be appreciated that the sensors 20 may also be located accurately within the generated field at any point in time. Thus, the catheter 10 and sensors 20 may be used to define the relationship of the anatomy to the external reference frame even during movement of the anatomy within the generated field.
In an exemplary method, the distal end 14 of the catheter 10 may be introduced into the patient's vasculature at a peripheral location, e.g., from a puncture site at the patient's femoral, axillary, or other suitable vein, and advanced into the patient's heart 92, e.g., into the right atrium RA. The distal end 14 may be manipulated within the right atrium RA to access the coronary sinus CS, and the distal end 14 may be advanced to position the distal end 14 and first sensor 20a within a cardiac vein, e.g., the anterior lateral cardiac vein ALCV, with the second sensor 20b remaining within the coronary sinus CS, as shown in
The sensors 20a, 20b may be fixedly positioned on the catheter 10, e.g. with a separation distance of between about five and fifteen centimeters (5-15 cm). Alternatively, one or more sensors may be slidably disposed relative to the catheter body such that the distance between the sensors may be adjusted in a desired manner, e.g., as shown in the embodiments shown in
Optionally, the catheter 10 may be constructed in order to constrain or substantially constrain certain aspects of the positional relation between two or more sensors, e.g., the sensors 20a and 20b. In addition to determining or substantially determining a path distance between sensors, the catheter may be constructed to constrain or substantially constrain independent rotation of the sensors around the axis of the catheter, e.g., the catheter segment joining the sensors may be substantially resistant to torque. Likewise, the catheter segment between the sensors may be may be constructed to bend or substantially bend in a single plane. Accordingly, the constraints on relative sensor motion imparted by the catheter may be used to more accurately define a plane or other geometric form indicative of the location and/or orientation of a region of the patient's anatomy, e.g., the patient's heart. Alternatively, such mechanical constraints on the relative position of the sensors may enable the use of less capable sensors to achieve equivalent spatial determination.
The tributary vein for the distal sensor may be selected in order to increase the fidelity, accuracy, and/or stability of the spatial relationship of the sensor array relative to the anatomy of interest. For example, as shown in
Alternatively, each of the sensors 20a, 20b may be capable of providing signals reporting their position accurately with six degrees of freedom. In this case, two sensors may improve the accurate correlation to the anatomy by defining multiple stable points on the patient's anatomy. For example, a distal portion of a catheter carrying two 6DOF sensors placed only in the coronary sinus may be subject to small movements, e.g., if the distal portion 16 is smaller than the coronary sinus CS, which typically has a diameter being between about ten and twelve millimeters (10-12 mm) in diameter or up to about fifteen millimeters (15 mm). If the distal sensor 20a is advanced further into a tributary vein, e.g., the ALCV, that approximates the diameter of the distal portion 16 of the catheter 10, the sensor 20a may be more fully constrained in its position relative to the anatomy. Moreover, the anatomical position may be determined as a composite of or based on the position of both sensors' positions. Optionally, the catheter 10 may include features to stabilize its position within a chamber or vessels that this larger than the catheter. If in a vessel, this may include, for example a balloon, molly bolt feature, and/or other radial extension that contact the vessel wall. In a chamber, this may include a pre-shape, and/or an anchor or other such stabilizing feature.
Optionally, the positions of the sensors may be further identified relative to the external reference frame, e.g., during introduction, similar to the methods used to generate spatial maps of the heart. For example, the course of the patient's coronary venous system may be defined during introduction of the distal portion 16 of the catheter 10, e.g., through the right atrium RA into the coronary sinus CS and/or the coronary veins. The coronary vein path identified by obtaining points during advancement of the sensors 20 may then be overlaid on or co-registered with pre-existing imaging, e.g. CT scan, MRI, etc. to define a more comprehensive model of the heart anatomy. This model may then be mapped to the internal reference frame provided by the sensors 20 to subsequently compensate for positional changes of the anatomy with respect to the external reference frame.
Optionally, to further increase the accuracy of compensation, e.g., following observed patient movement, a mapping catheter or other catheter, used in conjunction with an electro-anatomical mapping system, may be positioned in a known anatomical location, e.g., in a pulmonary vein, left anterior artery (LAA), at a pre-existing transeptal puncture, and the like, and the spatial information from the three or more sensors may be used independently or be combined to reestablish the correct relationship of the anatomy (and internal reference frame) to the exterior reference frame.
Turning to
One or both of the main and secondary catheter bodies 110, 130 may include a hub or handle 116, 136, which may include one or more valves, connectors, and/or other features (not shown) in order to facilitate introduction into the body, maintenance of hemostasis, connection to a system for receiving/transmitting signals/energy to/from the sensors and/or electrodes. For example, each of the bodies 110, 130 may include one or more leads extending from the sensors 120, 140 to corresponding connectors (not shown) on the hubs 116, 136 to facilitate coupling the sensors 120, 140 to a processor or controller (not shown). The catheter construction may optimize torque, shape, flexibility, and/or other mechanical features to enable reliable and expeditious placement in the coronary veins. For example, in the embodiments shown in
Further, in the embodiments shown in
In the embodiments shown in
One or both of the outer and inner catheter bodies 110, 130 may include one or more sensors or antennae 120, 140 that may provide signals, which may be analyzed by a processor to identify a location and/or orientation of the sensors 120, 140 relative to the external reference frame of a generated electromagnetic field, e.g., to provide an internal reference frame, similar to previous embodiments. For example, as shown in
Optionally, one or both of the main and secondary catheter bodies 110, 130 may include one or more electrodes, e.g. electrodes 122, 142 configured for recording electrograms, measuring impedance, and/or providing other signals that may be processed or analyzed by the processor. Optionally, one or more of these additional electrodes may be coupled to a power or energy source (not shown) such that the electrode(s) may be activated to deliver energy to the patient's heart, e.g., for pacing, ablation, and the like.
With reference to
The sensors 120A/120D, 140A/140D may be positioned distally on the bodies 110A/110D, 130A/130D, respectively, such that the sensors may be both stably positioned in venous tributaries, e.g., such that the resulting internal reference frame remains substantially stable relative to the contacted anatomy. In an exemplary method, the main catheter body 110A, 110D may be positioned such that the sensor 120A/120D is placed in a great cardiac vein or anterior cardiac vein while the sensor 140A/140D is positioned in a lateral or postero-lateral cardiac vein (not shown).
Optionally, in addition to the positional antennae or sensors described above, in any of the embodiments herein, one or more external sensors (not shown) may be placed on the patient, e.g., on the patient's thorax, e.g., to track respiratory cycle, and/or on the patient spine, e.g., as a fixed skeletal reference. Information from such sensors may be integrated with information from the positional sensors to improve the ability to generate a stable internal reference frame relative to the anatomy. Further, e.g., with a sensor placed on the thorax, periodic changes in anatomical position, e.g., from the patient's respiratory cycle, may be tracked and used to generate a positional offset for an electro-anatomical map.
Further optionally, in any of the embodiments herein, the relative position between two or more positional sensors may be used to track periodic heart expansion/contraction, e.g., due to cardiac cycle, non-periodic heart expansion/contraction, e.g., due to patient volume status and/or other changes in the patient's anatomy. For example, if the patient's volume status increases, e.g., leading to an increase in the cardiac size, the distance between positional sensors may change this information, and the change in location and/or distance may be analyzed by the processor to maintain or re-establish an accurate relationship between the anatomy and the external reference frame.
As described above, the relationship between the anatomy and the external reference frame may change with patient movement or due to physiologic factors. It may then be necessary or desirable to compensate for this change in order to maintain an accurate relationship of a previously created detailed anatomical map to the externally generated reference. This compensation may occur at discrete points in time, e.g., after observed patient movement or after cardioversion, which typically induces significant patient movement, or it may occur at pre-defined intervals, or relatively continuously. In the case where the such compensation is made frequently, significant computational power may be required to update and render a detailed anatomical map. In this case, it may be beneficial to perform such computations using a GPU to manipulate one or more matrices representing the positional information comprising the anatomical map.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A system for facilitating imaging a patient during a medical procedure, comprising:
- an electromagnetic field generator for generating an electromagnetic field around a desired region of a patient's body to provide an external reference frame;
- a first elongate member comprising a proximal end, a distal end sized for introduction into the patient's body, and a first distal portion carrying a first positional sensor;
- a second elongate body comprising a second distal portion advanceable from the first distal portion and carrying a second positional sensor such that a distance between the first positional sensor and the second positional sensor is adjustable; and
- a processor coupled to the first and second positional sensors for receiving signals from the first and second sensors generated in response to the electromagnetic field, the processor configured to identify when the first and second positional sensors move relative to the external reference frame to identify corresponding movement of the patient's body.
2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a display coupled to the processor for presenting an anatomical map of at least a portion of the patient's body, the processor configured to reorient the anatomical map based at least in part on the identified movement of the patient's body to compensate for the movement.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a display coupled to the processor for presenting images of at least a portion of the patient's body, the processor configured to modify images presented on the display based at least in part on the identified movement of the patient's body to compensate for the movement.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first positional sensor is configured for providing first signals to the processor corresponding to positional and rotational coordinates of the first sensor relative to the external reference frame, and the second positional sensor is configured for providing second signals to the processor corresponding to positional coordinates of the second sensor relative to the external reference frame, and wherein the processor is configured to analyze the first and second signals to generate an internal reference frame corresponding to an orientation of the patient's body within the external reference frame.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to generate the internal reference frame as a three-dimensional internal reference frame from the first and second signals.
6. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to analyze the first and second signals to generate the internal reference frame to identify an orientation of the organ within the external reference frame.
7. The system of claim 4, further comprising a motion sensor configured to be secured to an external location of the patient's body, the processor coupled to the motion sensor to process motion signals such that the internal reference frame remains stable relative to the external reference frame.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to analyze the signals to generate an internal reference frame corresponding to an orientation of the patient's body within the external reference frame.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein, after generating the internal reference frame, the processor is configured to map the internal reference frame to the external reference frame such that, when the signals from the sensors indicate the patient's body has moved, the internal reference frame may be remapped to the external reference frame.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the second elongate body is advanceable from a side port in the first distal portion such that the second distal portion is directable laterally relative to the first distal portion.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the second elongate body is advanceable axially from an end port in the first distal portion to adjust the distance between the first and second sensors.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second sensors comprises a three degree of freedom (3DOF) sensor.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second sensors comprises a six degree of freedom (6 DOF) sensor.
14. The system of claim 1, wherein the second distal portion is biased to a curved configuration to facilitate advancing the second distal portion from the first distal portion into a tributary vein from a coronary sinus.
15. A system for facilitating imaging of a patient's heart during a medical procedure, comprising:
- an electromagnetic field generator for generating an electromagnetic field around a desired region of a patient's body to provide an external reference frame;
- a first elongate member comprising a proximal end, a distal end sized for introduction into a coronary vessel, and a first distal portion carrying a first positional sensor;
- a second elongate body comprising a second distal portion advanceable from the first distal portion into a second coronary vessel and carrying a second positional sensor; and
- a processor coupled to the first and second positional sensors for receiving signals from the first and second positional sensors to generate an internal reference frame substantially fixed relative to the first and second coronary vessels to identify an orientation of the patient's heart within the external reference frame, the processor further configured to identify when the first and second positional sensors move relative to the external reference frame to identify corresponding movement of the patient's body.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein, after generating the internal reference frame, the processor is configured to map the internal reference frame to the external reference frame such that, when the signals from the first and second positional sensors indicate the patient's body has moved, the internal reference frame is remapped to the external reference frame based at least in part on the movement of the patient's body.
17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a display coupled to the processor for presenting an anatomical map of at least a portion of the patient's heart, the processor configured to reorient the anatomical map based at least in part on the identified movement of the patient's heart to compensate for the movement.
18. The system of claim 15, further comprising a display coupled to the processor for presenting images of at least a portion of the patient's heart, the processor configured to modify images presented on the display based at least in part on the identified movement of the patient's heart to compensate for the movement.
19. The system of claim 15, wherein the first positional sensor is configured for providing signals to the processor corresponding to positional and rotational coordinates of the first sensor relative to the external reference frame, and the second positional sensor is configured for providing signals to the processor corresponding to positional coordinates of the second sensor relative to the external reference frame, and wherein the processor is configured to analyze the signals to generate a three-dimensional internal reference frame corresponding to an orientation of the patient's heart within the external reference frame.
20. A method for maintaining a stable spatial reference frame relative to cardiac anatomy within a patient's heart, comprising:
- introducing a first distal portion of a first elongate member into the patient's heart such that a first sensor carried on the first distal portion is positioned within a coronary sinus;
- advancing a second distal portion of a second elongate member from the first elongate member such that a second sensor carried on the second distal portion is positioned within a tributary vein such that a distance between the first sensor and the second sensor is adjusted;
- generating an electromagnetic field that encompasses the patient's heart to provide an external reference frame;
- receiving signals from the first and second sensors to identify locations of the first and second sensors relative to the external reference frame;
- identifying when the locations of the first and second sensors move relative to the external reference frame to identify movement of the patient's heart; and
- compensating for movement of the patient's heart in images presented on a display.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein introducing the first distal portion comprises positioning the first sensor within the coronary sinus.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the second distal portion is advanced laterally from the first distal portion into the tributary vein.
23. The method of claim 20, further comprising presenting an anatomical map of at least a portion of the patient's heart on the display, and wherein compensating for movement comprises reorienting the anatomical map on the display based at least in part on the identified movement of the patient's body.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first distal portion is introduced within the coronary sinus and the second distal portion is positioned within the tributary vein such that a straight imaginary line extending between the first and second sensors does not extend parallel to a longitudinal axis extending between the patient's head and feet.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the line defines an angle of at least forty five degrees(45°) with the longitudinal axis.
26. The method of claim 20, wherein advancing the second distal portion of the second elongate member comprises positioning the second sensor within the tributary vein such that the second sensor is located adjacent a target ablation site.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising delivering energy to the patient's heart to perform an ablation procedure.
20080021336 | January 24, 2008 | Dobak, III |
20180132938 | May 17, 2018 | Everling |
1421913 | May 2004 | EP |
- Han, Inho, Korean Intellectual Property Office International Search Report and Written Opinion for corresponding International application No. PCT/US2019/036131, dated Oct. 8, 2019, 13 pages.
Type: Grant
Filed: Jun 7, 2019
Date of Patent: Feb 27, 2024
Patent Publication Number: 20200155031
Inventors: Pierre Jais (Bordeaux), Remi Dubois (Bordeaux), Stephen A. Leeflang (Sunnyvale, CA), Christian S. Eversull (Palo Alto, CA)
Primary Examiner: Amelie R Davis
Application Number: 16/435,270
International Classification: A61B 5/06 (20060101); A61B 5/00 (20060101);